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ixLpkl;r
$uker; kq; |
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apr
\ aprtà ÚaprÛ b; ÚaprtÃÛ xeÝr m;mulI aqR skelrE j;n;. ikNtu s;Mp[itkk;elr Eith;s nOt¼Ã \ sm;jibd*;r ccR;Y Ar reYez Ak g&Ir t;_pyR. isgm*;ç f[eY@à j;k l;f;- p[&Oit p[b;dp[itm mnSt;i¼Ãkr; et; be$Eà a;r\ h;elr ¤¼r a;/uink sm;jt;i¼Ãkr;\ ahm \ apr (self and the other) n;em duE ¼Ã;r s'l;epr ep[i=et s;m;ijkà r;jwnitk \ wxiLpk ai&b*i¼²r Ak$; b‹ a'exr punmURl*;Yn kerezn. a;r ahm \ aperr AE p[tekR (discourse) =mt;r (power) p[Xn AE p[tekRr ji$l idk‡el;ek buZet ibexW&;eb s;h;y* kerez. ahemr aiStetÃr b;Eer smSt ikzuE ek;n\ n; ek;n\ aeqR apr. Amnik ahemr aiStetÃr jn* aperr aiSttà ainb;yRà eknn; aperr idek t;ikeY `e$ ahemr a;etÍ;pliÊ. mnSt;i¼Ãkedr met aperr Aekb;er emoilk abSh;n b*i¼²m;nueWr men. p[et*k b*i¼²Â¼Ã;Y reYez sectn \ abecenr áNdÃà ey%;n eqekE ahm \ aperr º•. a;b;r ibi&µ b*i¼²r me/* eymn bŸ s;dOx* reYezà etmnE reYez ibStr p;qRk*à ey p;qRk* icih³t ker aprtÃek. p[;qimk&;eb ey ek;n\ apiricetr ¤piShitE m;nuWek sj;g ker et;el. t;rpr esE aj;n;ek j;net m;nuW kI /renr p[Y;s enebà esE aecn;r kI a;cr, kreb t; mUlt" in&Rr ker t;r aqRwnitkà s;m;ijk \ s;'¦Oitk abSh;enr \pr. b*i¼²Str z;ipeY j;it b; s'¦Oitr p[eXn apretÃr p[s^ a;r\ ji$l heY pe‹à ekn n; ese=e] ainb;yR&;eb Aes pe‹ ex[,Ià =mt;à ai/k;r Et*;id %u-i$n;i$ ibWY. apretÃr s;eq em;l;k;t Akidek eymn wbic]mYà ix=;mUlk ai&+t;r p[itx[³it edYà etmnE a;en ind;•, dmn \ ex;Wenr sÅ;bn;. p[tkRrt duE b*i¼² b; s'¦OitE prSperr k;ez aprà teb t;edr me/* ey ebix =mt;x;lIà ex;W, b; dmn t;r idk eqekE a;es. aprek ex;We,r an*tm ¤p;Y hl t;r sU=t;ek aÂIk;r kr;à Ak$; eg;$; j;itek aitsrl iS$ir\$;Eep pir,t kr;. &;rtbeWR ihNdu \ muslm;enr me/* reYez Ak y;rprn;E aÂiStkr apretÃr sMpkRà y;r i&et a;ez bŸidenr s'ebdnxIlt;r a&;b \ a+t;. ek;n\ sm;ej s'%*;l`ur;E s;/;r,t" s'%*;gireër sMpekR ebix %br r;e%à ekn n; s'%*;l`u iheseb inejedr aiSttÃr=;Y AE sectn;r p[eY;jn ainb;yR. AE inYm;nus;er &;rtIY ep[=;pe$ a+t;r is'h&;g$;E s'%*;girë ihNduedr. &;rtIY muslm;nr; ihNdu s'¦Oit sMpekR yt$; j;en &;rtIY ihNduedr t;r isik&;g\ sectn; enE Esl;m b; t;r s'¦Oit sMbeN/. ek;n\ muslm;n edex bsb;sk;rI s'%*;l`u ihNdu sMp[d;eYr ebl;Y zib$; sMpU,R ¤eL$ eyet p;er. apretÃr t¼Ã a;/uinkt;r Eith;es E¤er;epr ¤pinebx ibSt;err k;ihnIek Amn Ak m;]; edY y; eqek aenk ikzu ex%;r a;ez. Ae=e] men r;%; p[eY;jn ey aprek j;n;r b; eb;Z;r p[Y;s b;ïnIY inXcYEà ikNtu aprtà sMpekR +;nl;& b;Stb nY ( the other is unknowable) . k;r, p[et*k ahemrE reYez Ak inidRê ibWY;bSh;n (subject position), y; puer;puir t*;g ker sMpU,R&;eb aperr abSh;nek g[h, kr; t;r pe= asÅb. ixLpkl;r ibWYbStuet aperr aiSttà kl; ±ith;isekr k;ez Ak icrntun gebW,;r ibWY. s¼r dxekr ¤¼rúa;/uink icNt;&;bn;r a;egr yuegr ixLpkl;r Eith;s \ sm;el;cn;r ccR;Y AE dOiê&i^ eqek ibex®We,r nijr ibrl. ikNtu gt c;r dxek AE te¼Ãr s;h;ey* smk;elr se^ atIetr\ bŸ ixLpkl;r punibRc;r sÅb heYez. AE inbeN/r a;el;c* AmnE due$; ±ith;isk dOê;Nt. ¤inx xtekr exeW E¤er;epr ¤pinebx ibSt;err rmrm;r yueg f[;eNs at*Nt jnip[Y izl p[;c*b;dI (orientalist) ic]kl;. m/*p[;c* \ ¤¼r a;if[k;Y t%n E¤er;epr s;mirk ai&y;enr se^ se^ º• heYez pyR$n b*;bs;à a;r AE ey;g;ey;egr fel Ak smYk;r ed;dRç p[t;px;lI aqc bŸidk eqek an;/uink m/*p[;ec*r sm;j‡el; ib¼x;lI a;/uink E¤er;epr k;ez heY \e# rhs*mY aprà E¤er;pIY dOiêet y;r Sh;n \ cir]r; izl AkE se^ a;jb \ ¤pe&;g*. esE sb edexr m;nuWr; eyn atIetr ek;n\ jmk;el; n;$ekr cir]à y;edr smt;r myR;d; ed\Y; y;Y n;à ibXb;s kr; y;Y n;à aqc x;sk b; pyR$k iheseb y;edr aprtÃek ¤pe&;g kr; y;Y inr;pd dUrtà eqek. t;E ¤inx xtekr exeW m/*p[;ec* bŸ ekotuhlI /nI E¤er;pIY pyR$ekr ai&y;n º• hY. s&*t;r s'kI,R s'+;Y ibXb;sIà a;tÍ;i&m;en aN/ E¤er;p esE aperr me/* ed%et q;ek inejr ÚanuµtÛ atItek. es$; izl fe$;g[;ifr wxxbk;là t;E h;et a;-k; zibr b;Stbt; sMpekR m;nueWr a;Sh; t%n\ puer;puir y;Yin. Akidek piXcmI m;nueWr ibXb;s izl ey tI=ª pyReb=e,r s;h;ey* a;-k; b;Stbb;dI zib akp$ sit* kq; bel. an*idek nOt¼Ã ccR;r esE p[qm pyR*;eY Eñer;epr p[eY;jn izl pr;ijt j;it‡el;r s'¦Oit \ jIbny;]; sMpekR n;n; teq*r. t;E esk;el p[;YE srk;err tref ixLpIedr m/*p[;ec* p;#;en; ht es%;nk;r jIbny;];r zib A-ek a;net. t%nk;r p[%*;t fr;is ixLpIà p*;iresr Aek;l d* b*j;err k,R/;r j-nlY ejer;m Ø1824úú1904Ù AE sUUe]E Ak;i/kb;r es%;en y;nà Ab' es%;n eqek ker a;n; r;ix r;ix e¦c eqek per t;-r p*;iresr í$ui@\Y jNm enY a;XcyR sb etl re°r k*;n&;sà 1872 s;elr Ús;pue‹Û y;r an*tm k;j. m/*p[;ec*r sult;enr h;eremr rm,Ir dlà bmR;bOt \ sxS] &;‹;e$ ey;Ê;à fikrà mus;ifrà ebduEn b; g;ilc; b*;bs;YIr mt s;pue‹ b; ebed\ izl E¤er;pIY dxRekr k;ez ibexW jnip[Y ibWY. bl;E b;Ÿl* h;eremr yt dOx* a;-k; heYez t;r sb‡el;E k;Lpinkà ekn n; h;erem prpu•eWr p[ebx izl p[Xn;tIt. A /re,r dOex* r;jkIY Sh;pet*r ep[=;pe$ E¤er;pIY me@lE heY eyt musilm rm,I. rhs*mY AEsb cir]ek pirebxn kr; ht dudRmnIY Ak c;p; eyont;r p[tIk ihesebà a;r Ar fel ¤pinebexr dOx*p$ heY ¤#t a;r\ ¤pe&;g*à a;r\ a;k;iˆ%t Ak e&;g* p,*. ikNtu r;St;`;e$ eyehtu pu•W cire]r p[;/;n* izlà t;E es%;en ixLpIr\ Â;/Int; izl s;mn;s;min e¦c kr;r. abx* í$ui@\et esE e¦cek etl re°r zibet pir,t kret tI=ª pyReb=e,r p;x;p;ix ab;e/ s;h;y* en\Y; ht kLpn;r. aqR;_ esk;el zib a;-k;r e=e] p[t*= pyReb=, b*;p;r$;E izl puer;m;];Y a;epi=k. AmnE Ak ibWY AE s;pe%l;r dOx*.
t%nk;r E¤er;ep m/*p[;c* sMpekR clit /;r,; izl ey es%;en Ak smY at*;XcyR s&*t; ge‹ ¤#el\ es%;nk;r m;nueWr als \ p[gitiber;/I men;&;ebr jn* ¤inx xtekr me/*E t;edr sm;j esE s&*t; e%;Y;Yà a;r esE k;re,E t;r; E¤er;epr d;s heY q;k;r ey;g*. smSt p[;c*b;dI zibetE ¤pinebx Sh;penr AE suibe/b;dI yui¼²r p[itfln ed%; y;Yà s;pue‹\ t;r b*it½m nY. A%;en ikzu ezelbue‹;à y;edr ek¤ ek¤ sÅbt &;‹;e$ ey;Ê;à als&;eb s;pe%l; ed%et q;ekà eyn s;r;iden t;edr a;r ek;n\ k;j enE. AE cire]r; eyn sudUr atIet a;$ek q;k; ikzu inSp[;, abYb. ed\Y;elr g;eY eZ;l;en; !;l tel;Y;r t;edr s;ebk yuÊrIitr p[tIk. ep[=;pe$ ed%; y;Y Ak jmk;el; musilm Sh;pet*r indxRn r=,;eb=e,r a&;eb y;r heYez ind;•, &gªdx;. p;qerr g;eY nIlec re° su=ª smSt al'kr, \ a;rbIet el%; ek;r;e,r b;,Iet reYez Ak ejolusmY atIetr pircYà aqc es sMpekR zibr cir]r; sMpU,R a+ \ eb;/hIn. dxRnIY Sh;pet*r g;eY ehl;n ideYE t;r; s;pe%l; ede% cel. j-; ilY- ejer;m ¤pinebxb;edr per;= smqRen m/*p[;ec*r aprtÃek A&;ebE h;ijr kern fr;is dxRkedr iben;denr jn*. s&*t;r mEet A%;en E¤er;p q;ek \perà a;r t;r e&;g* m/*p[;ec*r j;Yg; aenk inec. t;r &Uimk; º/uE Ak x;sney;g* aperr. ¤inx xtek piXcemr p[&;eb a;÷ilk prMpr;Y p;x;p;ix yeqë a;/uink heY \#; m/*p[;ec*r sm;ejr bŸStrI aiStetÃr ich³m;] A%;en enE. A ekbl Ak aitsrlIkOt sm;ejr zib. Ab;r p[s^$;ek ed%; y;k sMpU,R ¤eL$;idk eqek. piXcm a;if[k;Y reYez p[;cIn ebinn r;j*à ebinn isi$ y;r r;j/;nI. a;j AE r;j* n;EejirY; n;em a;/uink r;eê[r a'x hel\ ib[i$x x;senr a;eg y%n n;EejirY;r aiSttà izl n;à t%n ± a÷el ebinn \ an*;n* r;ej*r izl p[bl d;p$. ebinenr s'¦Oità &;W; \ m;nuWedr n;m Ae@; a;r r;j;ek bl; hY \b;. 1472 s;l n;g;d a;$l;iN$k p;i‹ ideY AisigeY n;em \b;r drb;er p[qm h;ijr hY ptRugIj b*bs;YIr dl. prSperr p[it adm* ekotuhelr fel du pe= ½emE ge‹ Ak sM˜m \ hÌd*t;r sMpkR. pener;r xtek Ae@;edr sMpekR ptRugIjedr href ek;n\rkm b,RibeáeWr nijr emel n;. br' ±ith;isk niq bel ey \b; AisigeY ekotuhelr bex k*;qilk /mR g[h, kern \ t;-r Ak ezelek ilsben p;#;n es%;nk;r &;W; ixe% a;s;r jn*. an*idek ptuRgIj tref\ ebinen e%;l; hY dUt;b;s Ab' ± r;ej*r se^ inYimt&;eb º• hY b;i,j*. ptRugIjedr k;ez izl a;eGnY;S] \ b;•dà y;r mUl* buZet a;exp;exr r;ej*r se^ yuÊrt ebinenr edir hYin. ± aeS]r ibinmeY Ae@;edr k;z eqek ptRugIjr; p;Y ebinenr p[isÊ h;itr d;-t. Amnik pener; xtekr exeW \b;r anuer;e/ ptRugIjr; t;edr bNduk k;m;n ineY Ak ‡•tÃpU,R a;÷ilk yueÊ ebinenr p;ex d;-i‹eY t;ek ijiteY\ edY. Ae@; jIbny;];Y E¤er;ep b*bh;yR nund;inr ek;nE p[cln izl n;. 1500 s;elr pr y%n Ae@;edr se^ ptRugIjedr s%*t; ge‹ ¤e#ez Ab' ptRugIjr; h;itr d;-et e%;d;EeYr k;ej Ae@; ixLpIedr d=t;r yeqë pircY epeYezà t%n t;r; ½em esE ixLpIedr e%;d;E kr; nund;inr frm;x idet º• ker. Ar fel ܳt jNm enY Ae@; e%;d;Ek;ejr Ak ntun ±ith*à y; a;j a*;ef[; ptRugIj e%;d;E bel pirict. prbitRk;el E¤er;epr n;n; ai&j;t s'g[h eqek Arkm bŸ nund;inr sN/;n emel. Amn ik ef®;ereNsr %*;tn;m; emi@ic pirb;err s'ge[h\ AE j;etr Ak$; nund;in p;\Y; y;Y. AmnE dOê;Nt eW;el;r xtekr p[qmidek aitsU=Í k;j kr; ez;| AE bS¼.
Ae@; ixLpIr k;ez AE apr rhs*mYà hYt ikzu$; &Itp[d\à ikNtu t; bel ixLpI t;ek ez;$ ec;e% ede%n in. ejer;emr zibr se^ Ar mSt f;r;k hl Ae=e] Ae@; ixLpI ptRugIjek biseYezn sNm;enr a;sen. Ae@; /emR \el;kun heln jelr edbt;à a;r ptRugIjr;\ Aesizl j;h;ej ce‹. Az;‹;\ t;edr s;d; c;m‹; \ d;i‹à ep;‹%;\Y; ech;r; \ ek;$rgt ec;% Et*;idr me/* Ae@; s'¦;r prel;k eqek a;s; iptOpu•eWr ep[t;tÍ;r iml %u-ej epeYizlà jlE ey a;tÍ;edr y;t;Y;etr pq. t;E A%;en ptRugIj ech;r; heY d;-‹;Y \el;kunsh Ae@; pUbRpu•Wedr –pk. e`;‹; \ bNduk a;if[k;r ixLpkl;Y =mt;r p[tIk iheseb ed%; hYà t;E bNduk/;rI \ axÃ;er;hI ey ek;n\ cir] ey s;/;re,r eqek a;l;d; t; buZet k;r\ asuibe/ ht n;. A%;en ¤eö%* ey Ae@; ixLpI ikNtu ptRugIjedr puer;puir a;if[k;n ech;r; ednin. ptRugIejr aprtÃek icih³t kr;r me/* ideYE aecn;ek icnet eceYezn. ixLpI t;edr –pekr &Uimk; ideYezn ek;n\ hInmn*t;r j;Yg; eqek nYà ekn n; ptRugIj mUitRek Ae@;r; ek;nidn pUej; kernin. AE m;nuW‡il ey ibedxI \ i&µ/emRr apr t; ed%;en;r jn* ixLpI eymn t;edr gl;Y ½ux eZ;l;et ksur kerninà etmnE itin AE aecn;edr me/* Ak pirict –pekr sN/;n epeY t;edr a;pn ker ineYeznà t;-r Âedexr kOiêr ±ith* Sh;n ideYezn. &;bel ab;k l;eg ey Ar duex; bzr pr seter; xtek AE ptRugIjr;E heY ¤e#izl nOx's d;s b*bs;YI Ab' t;r\ per ¥inx \ ibx xtek t;r; izl &Yér&;eb a;g[;sI ¤pinebxb;dI. aprek ez;$ ec;e% ed%;$; piXcmI s'¦Oitr inzk bd a&*;s nY. Eith;s `;-$el ed%; y;eb AE dOiê&i^ reYez a;el;kp[iPtr tq;kiqt yui+²b;dI dxRenr Aekb;er i&et. ib+;enr á;r; p[kOitek jY kr;r t;igd b; s&*t;r ag[gitr Akepex s'+;r p[&;b p;Xc;¼* jg_ek ixi%eYez b;ik pOiqbIr aprtÃek b‹ ez;$à &;lúmeNdr m;pk;i#et ed%età tOtIY ibxà sMpekR piXcemr men;&;eb y; a;j\ y;rprn;E p[k$. teb eyehtu aperr sMpekR sMpU,R +;nl;& asÅbà t;E t;ek ixLpkl;Y –p idet egel ey ií$ir\$;Eepr abt;r,; hebEà ejer;emr zibr mt ebinenr nund;in\ t;r p[m;,. fr;is p[c*b;dI zibet eymn m/*p[ec*ek aitsrl ker ed%;en; heYezà ebinenr ixLpI\ etmin inejr kLpn;Y ptRugIjedr ede%ezn ekbl =mt;r p[tIk ihesebà r¼²m;'esr m;nuW bel nY. AE due$; aitsrlIkre,r me/* ibStr f;r;k q;kel\ ¤&Y e=e]E A$; pir¦;r heY y;Y ey ahemr wxiLpk ai&b*i¼² eqek aprek yt$; n; j;n; y;Y t;r eceY e!r ebix ecn; y;Y ahmekE. ؽmx"Ù . . . . . |
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p[qm
ikiSt " &Uimk;
iátIY ikiSt " pÓs^
" ixLpkl;Y m;nueWr xrIr |
bOÊ \St;d
s;pue‹ bes b;-ix b;j;Yà a;r dxRekr idek epzn ifer Ak$; g;ilc;r
\pr d;-i‹eY s;p ineY e%l; ed%;Y Ak nGn b;lk b; b;ilk;. AE
nGn aperr b*i¼² \ il^ pircY aj;n; q;k;r jn* dxRekr suibe/ hY t;ek
EeCzmt kLpn; ker en\Y;r. Amn ik esrkm •icr dxRekr men AE n;b;lk b;
n;b;ilk; sMbeN/ eyont;r\ ¤eÜk het p;er. xrIer ep-iceY q;k; ibx;l
ibW/r s;pek ablIl;Y e%l;et q;k; AE cir] p[kOt ¤pinebxb;dIr ec;e%
heY \e# Ak n;meg;]hIn ií$ir\$;Ep.
A%;en at*Nt
suiciNtt a;-$s;-$ Ak rcn; wxlIr s;h;ey* s;j;en; heYez ptRugIj aperr
cir]ek. nun r;%;r a;/;rek i`er reYez sxS] aXb;er;hI ptRugIj wsinekr
dl. Amnik a;/;err !;kn;r h;tl iheseb\ reYez Ak aXb;er;hIr mUit.
eyehtu ptRugIjedr frm;exE A /renr nund;in p[qm wrir hYà t;E t;edr
EeCzetE Ar g;eY t;edr abYb e%;d;E kr;r prMpr;r º•à Amn$;E Â;&;ibk.
ikNtu %eâerr c;ihd; em$;en; z;‹;\ Ae=e] emel apr sMpekR Ae@; s'¦Oitr
aNtdOiêr pircY. inzk a;lé;irk mUl* z;ipeY AEsb h;itr d;-etr k;ejr
reYez Ak gÅIr ±ith;isk t;_pyR. |
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