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t; m; ° . m g r . s;
en; Y; r . q; k; lI . ‡ r '
. g; E en . #u k rI
t; m; °
t;m;°à enp;lI j;itr Ak ¤pj;it. Aedr ¤_pi¼ ineY aenk ik'bdNtI
a;ez. bÓ†;à ib‚u \ ixebr me/* Ar; ixebr sNt;n bel d;bI ker. ek¤ ek¤ t;m;°edr
mumIR bel. mumIR aqR sIm;n;Y b;s kr; m;nuW. enp;l a;r itóetr sIm;n;Y b;s krt
bel Aedr mumIR bl; heY q;ek. t;m;°ek e`;‹;r m;ilk bel icih²t kr;r jn* t;m;°
bl; hY. t;m;°r; s;/;r,t duE exÓ,Iet ib&¼². Akà b;er; j;it a;r idBtIY exÓ,I
heCz a;#;er; j;it. b;er; j;it t;m;°r; a;sl j;it bel men ker. a;r a;#;er; j;it
t;m;°ek e%Á;r (mixed) j;it
–ep icih²t kr; hY. t;m;°r; Ak j;Yg;Y `r b;ineY q;k; pzNd ker n;. Aedr `r
s;/;r,t ed;tl; hY. ¤pr tl;Y e:$;r a;r nIctl;Y r;µ; \ ex;b;r `rà
Ar; s;/;r,t em;$; k;p‹ pr; pzNd ker. Aedr ghn;r me/* k,Rfulà Zumir a;r ixbful
jnipÓY. Ar; miheWr m;'sà rsunà p;h; (Ak
j;tIY b*;°)à
ix‚u ØAk j;tIY j'lI x;kÙ AE‡il `err b;Eer r;µ; ker %;Y. eg;m;'s %;\Y;Y
ineW/ enE.
t;m;°edr sNt;n jnÎgÓh, kr;r pr itniden n;mkr, kr; hY. zY iden m; sNt;nek S©;n
kr;en;r pr Ak$; b;it jB;l;en;r rIit a;ez. emeYedr p-;c m;es a;r ezeledr zY m;es
aµpÓ;xn ed\Y; hY. mYn; p;i%r
e#-;$ ideY %;\Y;el sNt;enr buil b; kq; imiê heb bel /;r,;. ± smY sNt;nek $;k;
b; ¤ph;r ed\Y;r inYm a;ez. itn bzr eqek b;er; bzerr me/* m;q;Y cul k;$; hY. m;m;
± k;ji$ sMpµ ker. ipisr emeY Ab' m;m;r ezelr seˆg
ibeYr pÓcln a;ez. ibb;h du&;eb heY q;ek. Akà m/*Sqt; ker a;r an*e=e] ezel
ek;en; emeYek tuel ineY a;es. m/*Sqt; ibeYet ezelr p= eqek el;k y;Y emeYr
b;i‹et Ab' p;k;p;ik h\Y;r smY murig b; %;is a;r ex;l •i$ ineY eyet hY. ibeYr
smY bry;]I y%n y;Yà emeY p= drj;Y mdà ful a;r •i$ ere% Sb;gt j;n;Y. ibeYet
duEpe=r pUbRpu•Wedr kq; a;l;d; a;el;cn; hY. ibeY anuë;en @m• y;r; b;j;Yà
t;r; gIt g;Y. n;c g;n Ab' duEpe=r pÓx« ¤¼r cel. t;rpr e&;jn pbR. e&;jenr
pr c;r d;m r;%et hY. emeY p= a;/; ekij c;là pYs;à md Ab' ful r;e%. Ar aqR kn*;r
d;m ed\Y; hl. perr idn duEpe=r siN/ e&;j hY. itniden emeY inejr b;i‹et
ifer a;es.
ezel ek;en; emeYek tuel ineY inejr b;i‹et a;n;r pr m/*Sqt; hY. itnidenr itn
emeYr b;b;ek md ideY ixr ¤#;en; hY. ey ek;en; k;re, aibb;iht emeY aNt"s¼B;
heY egel t;m;° sm;j A$;ek `O,;r ec;e% ede% n;. y;r seˆg sÁN/ heYezà es yid
ibeY n; kerà t;et a;pi¼ enE. an* ezel yid ibeY kret c;Yà es kret p;er.
ibb;iht dMpitr me/* mn;Ntr hel a;l;d; heY eyet p;er. ek¤ yid aen*r S]Iek ineY
a;esà ese=e] sm;j Ak$; jirm;n; ideY imi$eY idet p;er. A$;ek j;ir bel. k;er; S]I
yid an* ek;en; pu•eWr seˆg imex aNt"s¼B; heY y;Yà es e=e] p÷kOt dç
b; jirm;n; idel ime$ y;Y.
t;m;°edr xbedehr ¥• aqb; m;q;r k;ez b;it jB;ileY r;e%. ek¤ ek¤ m;q;r
a;exp;ex 108$; b;it jB;l;Y. xbek dI`RsmY m;i$et n; ere%à b‹ jl&r; p;e]
biseY r;%; hY. ntun k;p‹ ideY ji‹eY r;%; hY. xb ebr n; h\Y; pyRNtà a;ex
p;ex @;l&;t a;r sbjI r;%; hY. ek;en; ek;en; smY duE/itn
idn pyRNt xbek r;%; hY. l;m;r inedRexr aep=;Y q;ek. ± smY gÓ;emr el;ekr; p;h;r;
ideY r;e%. xb s;/;r,t k;e#r b;„ aqb; ey p;e] r;%; heYezà ±&;eb ineY
y;\Y; hY. xbek ineY y;\Y;r smY /;imRk s;n;E Ab' Ak /re,r e!;là b*ˆg Økrt;lÙ
a;r x× b;ijeY l;m; a;eg q;ekà an*r; ipez. l;m;r h;et `N$; q;ek. l;m; `N$;
b;j;Y. emeYr; xby;]I hY. t;m;°r; xb s_k;r s;/;r,t p;h;e‹r m;q;Y kr; pzNd ker.
l;m;r; md e%eY mN] p;# ker. xby;]Ir; b;i‹et ifer Aes %;b;r gÓh, ker. t;r; itn
idn nun etl %;Y n;. ¤np÷;x idn xÓ;áÌ hY. xÓ;áÌ itn rkemr hY. pÓqmt ú
sk;l eqek sN/*; pyRNtà idBtIYtú sk;l eqek perr idn sk;l pyRNtà tOtIYtú m;nuW
eb-ec q;ket inejr xÓ;áÌ inej kret p;er.
r;%I pUi,Rm;ek ‡• pUi,Rm; bel. t;m;°r; Ai$ek \r; %ub m;n* ker. t;z;‹; buáÌ
pUi,Rm;à wc] dxmIà s'½;iNtà k;lIpUj; b; dugR;pUj;ek Ar; anusr, ker. t;r; s÷;rI
pUj; k;i¼Rk m;es ker. Aedr me/* kul pUj; agÓh;Y, b; f;Lgun m;es hY.
enp;lI sm;ej ÚÚe&;e$ exel;ÛÛ ibexW yN]IY g;n a;ez. A$; a;sel t;m;°edr.
Ar; sb ¤_seb n;cg;n kr; pzNd ker. Aedr el;kgIità EY;EgItà f;br gItà t;Á;
k;Eetn gItà edbt; gIt Et*;id pÓcilt. n;ecr me/* @Á; n;cà edo‹; n;cà
srSbtI n;c a;r edbt; n;c Et*;id pirli=t heY q;ek.
m g r
enp;lI j;itr me/* mgr Aki$ ¤pj;it. Ar;
mˆgleY@ exÓnIet pe‹. Ar; ek;q; eqek Aesez si#k A%en; j;n; y;Yin. Ar; piXcm
enp;el p;lp;à ip¤#;nà er;lp;à e@;lp;à –kum ejl;Y bsb;s krez. pUbR enp;el
¤dYpurà a;r isN/ulI ejl;Y Aedr ed%; y;Y. &;ret sb j;Yg;Y Ar; bsb;s krez. Hamilton
Ar 'An
Account of the kingdom of Nepal' gÓeNq
j;n; y;Yà p;l;b; ejl;et esn b'x a;i/pt* ibSt;err pUebR mgredr a;i/pt* izl. per
an*j;it a;s;et Aedr s'%*; kem y;Y.
mgrr; inejedr `r p;qr a;r m;i$ ideY b;n;t. i&ter \ b;Eer eg;br ideY elpt.
s;/;r, `r ed;tl; izl. inecr tl;Y r;µ;`rà a;‡n jB;l;en;r jn* cuiöà r;µ;`er
pUej;r Sq;n\ izl. ¤pr tl;Y xs*;id r;%t. m; b;b; ibeYr kq; p;k; kr;r pr ezel
emeYr b;‹Iet ¤ph;r ineY y;Y. AE ¤ph;rek dI bl; hY. AE ¤ph;r emeY pe=r ai&&;bk
gÓh, ker ibeY p;k; ker. ey ek;en; k;re, ibeY n; helà emeY p=ek jirm;n; idet hY.
ibeYr ikzu inYm a;ez. pÓqm inYm hl berr `er mUl drj;Y Ak$; em;rg k;$et hY. AE
em;regr r¼² brb/U p;eY m;e%. idBtIY inYmà berr m; b;b; nb dMpitek kp;el c;elr
$Ik; l;igeY a;xIbR;d ker. ($Ik;
" dEà a;tp c;là a;bIr Et*;id).
tOtIY inYmà gOeh pÓebx kr;r pr b/Uek cui‹ \ isNdur pr;Y. t;rpr pÓIite&;j.
ibeYr %rc km kr;r jn* emeY &;igeY ineY y;\Y;r pÓcln a;ez. &;g;en;
emeYek b;b; m; efr_ inet p;er. m;ml; kret p;er. s;/;r,t t; hY n;à s;m;ijk rIit
blb_.
mgr j;itr me/* ib/b; ibb;h rIit izl. A%en; a;ez. ib/b;ek ibeY krel isNdur l;eg
n;. cui‹ h;et pireY idel hY. aen*r ebo &;igeY ineY Ael pÓqm pe=r ezelek
s;m;ijk rIit anus;er bYSk b*i¼²r ECz;nu½em dç idet hY. d¹ idel ibeY sMpµ
hY. d¹ n; idel emeY b;epr b;‹I eyet p;er n;.
mgr j;it pu•W pÓ/;n. t; se¼B\ n;rI Sb;tN]t; izl. mgr b/U xBºr x;º‹Ir
s;men e`;m$; idet hY. b/U inejr sMpi¼ e&;g kret p;er. ibeY hY egel\ m;
b;b;r sMpi¼r ai/k;r t;r q;ek. Sb;mIr se^ mtiber;/ hel S]I t;r b;epr b;‹I eyet
p;er aqb; i@e&;sR kret p;er. A$; s;m;ijk rIit. mOtedh d;h aqb; kbr ed\Y;r
rIit. ek;en; ek;en; j;Yg;Y jel mOtedh &;iseY
ed\Y; hY. mgrr; eter; idn aexoc p;ln ker Ab' eter; iden xÓ;áÌ hY.
mgrr; edbedbIek e&;g ØbilÙ \ /Up ideY puej; edY. ey edbedbIek e&;g
ed\Y; hYà esE edbedbIek b;ej b;wj bl; hY. agÓh;Y, m;es s;bRjnIn puej; hY. esE
smY e&;g ØbilÙ due$; xUkr eke$ pUej; idet hY. ik'bdNtI a;ez Ak$; j;Yg;Y #;kurd;
\ #;kurm;r seˆg n;it n;tnI q;kt. y%n m; b;b; k;ej eytà esE smY n;it n;tnIr
kilj; #;kurm; #;kurd; e%eY int. t;E #;kurd;ek m;i$r klsIet Ab' #;kurm;ek
c;m‹;r &-;e‹ ker ndIet efel ed\Y; hY. \edr a;tÎ;r kl*;e, bzer Akb;r
agÓh;Y,
m;es puej; ed\Y; hY. t;r; x;iNtet q;keb.
mgredr an* edbt; mçel. b;ej b;wjr m;m; hn. ik'bdNtI a;ez ;
ek;en; t;iN]kedr ØmgrÙ b/U bn xUkerr m;'s;\Y;r ECz; pÓk;x ker.
t%n ± t;iN]k ikzu c;l mN]yu¼² ker b/Uek edY Ab' es b;e`r rÌp ineY xUkr emer
ineY a;es. ± c;l b;e`r g;eY izi$eY idel punr;Y es m;nuW heY y;Y. ikNtu b/U es
k;j kret p;rl n;. flt es m;nuW heY q;kl. ± b;`ek x;Nt kr;r jn* agÓh;Y, m;es
s;miYk&;eb Ak$; xUkr eze‹ ed\Y; hY. Aedr ibxB;sà b;` apk;r ker n;.
mgredr kuledbt; a;ez. ± kul edbt;ek wj*ë m;es puej; idet hY Ab' AE kul edbt;ek
r;µ;`er r;%; hY. mgrr; a;em;d pÓem;d kret &;lb;es. /;n er;pn \ k;$;r smY
n;cg;n kret &;lb;es. mgredr pdbIú isj;lIà es;mà gerj;à g;•kIà e%\Y;lIà
r;mj;lIà r;,;à q;b;à b‹;là l;mIà Cz;emà pul;mIà lé;pità dumj;lIà
inesl Et*;id. Ar; enp;lI &;W; ¤Cc;r, yq;yq kret p;er n;. e%;rm;nIek e%Ó;s;nI
bel. t•lek tu•l bel. \r; s;hsIà s_ \ ibxB;sI.
s; en; Y; r
d;ijRil' ejl;Y
enp;lI sMpÓd;eYr bhu eg;ëIr pircY p;\Y; y;Y. s;en;Y;r AE eg;ëIr an*tm.
s;en;Y;r Ab' munuY;r AkE sMpÓd;Y ik n;à Ak$; pÓx« a;ez. ese=e] bl; y;Y eyà
aenek men ker s;en;Y;r b; munuY;r AkE sMpÓd;Y&u¼². s;en;Y;redr s'%*;
an*;n* enp;lI sMpÓd;eYr tuln;Y ebxI. b;°;il blet Ak$; smiêgt ibWY eb;Z;Y.
esErkm enp;lI blet ilÁuà r;Eà exrm;à q;b;à t;m;'à ‡•'à ez]Ià bÓ;†,à
#kurIà pÓ/;n Et*;id eb;Z;Y. Aedr ech;r;à &;W;ús'SkOità /mRà a;c;rúb*bh;rà
rIitnIit Ab' aqRnIitr e=e] i&µt; /r; pe‹.
s;en;Y;r sMpÓd;Y sMpekR ibxd gebW,; hYin. enp;el Aedr s'%*; penr h;j;r. d;ijRil'
ejl;Y 1951 s;el Aedr s'%*; izl 4à803. Aedr ¤_pi¼r Eith;s j;n; y;Yin. ik'bdNtI
a;ezà lé; pÓlé; eqek p-;c &;E enp;el Aesizlà ek¤ r;Eà ek¤ ilÁu a;r
Ak &;E s;en;Y;r Ar; pUbR enp;l Ab' d;ijRil'úA ibexW ker bsb;s krez. a;er;
Aki$ ik'bdNtIà Ar; sUyR b'xIY sNt;n. sUyR b'exr ez;$ r;,I ihm; edbIr sUyR ikr,
eqek g&Rj;t sNt;n heCz s;en;Y;r. b;b;r e%-;j n; epeY Aek jˆgel p;i#eY ed\Y;
heYizl. \%;en /nuk ibd*; ixe% ixk;rI–ep pirict. Aedr me/* sUyR b'xIà r;jb'xI
Ab' cNdÓb'xI bel itni$ j;it a;ez. Aedr itni$ eg;]ú k;xIbà sUyR Ab' b;mdel.
s;en;Y;redr a;idb;s&Uim pUbR enp;el. %ub sÅbt Ar; ismr;ng‹ eqek pUbR
enp;el Aesizl. aenek men kerà Ar; mgr sMpÓd;eYr Ak$; a'x. Ar; mgredr pÓitebxI.
Aedr ech;r;r seˆg mgredr aenk iml. teb &;W;r e=e] SbtN]. a;b;r s'SkOitr
e=e] enp;lI bÓ;†, \
ez]Iedr pÓ&;b ed%; y;Y. pUbR enp;el an*;n* ai/b;sIedr mt s;en;Y;rr; kOiW
in&Rr. Ar; b*i¼²gt m;ilk;n;Y jim jm; r;%t n;. Aedr c;Wb;s pÓq;ek iklt bl;
ht. t_k;el enp;el s;mijk jIbek ilÁuà r;E sMpÓd;Yek xUdÓ –ep icih²t kr;
heYizl. a;r s;en;Y;rr; izl aspOx*. teb t;r; pÓey;jen aenk jim c;Wb;esr jn* ept.
Sb;/In&;eb Ar; gb;id pºc;re,r suib/; e&;g krt.
s;en;Y;redr d;ijRil' ejl;Y a;s;r k;r, abx*E izl. aê;dx xt;ÝIr s;etr dxek
eg;%R;edr a;½me, \r; suib/; h;r;Y. enp;lI bÓ;†, Ab' ¤Ccbe,Rr b*i¼²begRr
a;i/pt* ibSt;r l;& ker. s;m;ijk \ aqRwnitk pyR;eY t;r; dubRl heY pe‹.
enp;lI ¤Ccb'xIYedr k;ez ¨,gÓSt hY. k;l½em t;r; jIibk; Ab' an*;n* suib/;r jn*
d;ijRil' ejl; Ab' @uY;esR cel a;es.
btRm;en piXcmbeˆg º/u d;ijRil' ejl;Y nYà jlp;E‡i‹ ejl;et\ s;en;Y;rr; ibi&µ
epx;Y inyu¼². t;r; x;k sbjIà /;nà gmà &u|;à ej;Y;r Ar' kml;elbu
¤_p;dn ker. º/u kOiWk;j nYà c; b;g;en\ Ar; k;j ker. t;z;‹; d;ijRil'à jlp;E‡i‹à
&u$;n \ a;s;emr ibi&µ pÓt*Nt r;St;`;$ emr;mt Ab' wtrIr e=e] xÓimk
ihs;eb k;j ker. t;r; pÓ;k¿ Sb;/Int; pebR esn*b;ihnIet ey;gd;n kerizl. prbtIR
smeY t;r; &;rtIY wsn*b;ihnIet s'%*;Y aenk.
s;en;Y;rr; enp;lI ep;W;k pir/;n ker. puer;en; idenr ep;W;k pirCzd aenk pirbitRt
heYez. btRm;n pu•eWr; x;$Rà p*;N$à pir/;n ker. emeYr; r°In x;‹Ià b;¤j
per. t;r; n;kà k;n \ gl;Y es;n;r ghn; per. s;en;Y;redr `rb;i‹ suNdr \
mjbut. Ar; d;ijRil' p;h;e‹ s'%*;Y kmà teb enp;el ebxI. s;ir s;ir p;qr biseY
b;i‹ wtrI kret Ar; a&*St. gb;id pºr jn* \r; a;l;d; `r b;n;Y.
s;en;Y;redr me/* seg;e] ibb;hrIit enE. cuir ibb;h aqb; ede%ºen ibb;hrIit
pÓcilt. Ae=e] pl;tk; s;en;Y;r mihl;r pUbRtn Sb;mIek yeqêE =itpUr, idet hY. ede%ºen b;
sÁN/ ker ey smSt s;en;Y;redr ibb;h hYà es sb ibb;h anuë;en enp;lI b[;†, \
ez]I sMpÓd;eYr a;c;r anuë;nek ‡•tB ed\Y; hY. teb bÓ;†, \ ez]I sMpÓd;eYr
sb rkm a;c;r anuë;nek ŸbŸ emen cl; hY n;. brp= b;d*yN] ineY kn*;r b;‹I y;Y.
brp= b; bry;]I iheseb kmpe= Akex; eqek duÛx el;k ¤piSqt q;ek. kn*;ek ¤ph;r
ed\Y;r jn* º/u ghn; nYà Amnik z;gl\ seˆg ineY y;Y. t;edr ibb;eh kn*;p= aenk
¤ph;r epeY q;ek. bry;]Iek mdà ºeY;err m;'s Ab' dE %;\Y;en;r rIit a;ez. b/Uek
`r eqek ebr kr;r smY dui$ b;it a;r `‹;r jl r;%; hY. berr `er e!;k;r smY jlà
p;n Ab' b;it ineY gÓ;emr emeYr; r;St; a;$k;Y. brb/U $;k; idel pq eze‹ edY.
b/Uú
x;º‹Ià ipis x;º‹I Ab' brek p; SpxR ker pÓ,;m ker. ibb;h ker b/Uek ineY
br y%n inejr b;i‹et a;esà t%n t;ek skelr seˆg pircY kr;en;r jn* e&;jenr
a;eY;jn kr; hY. aenk$; b;°;il ebo&;etr mt. AE anuë;en &;tà m;'s \ pÓcur
pirm;en p;nIY pirebxn kr; hY. ib/b; ibb;hrIit pÓcilt. edberr seˆg ib/b; eboidr
ibb;ehr rIit a;ez.
ihNdu /mR \ eboä /mR duE sMpÓd;eYr b*i¼²bgR s;en;Y;redr me/* ibd*m;n. teb
s;en;Y;redr ihNdu /emRr pÓit a;nugt* ebxI Ab' t;r; ihNdu /mRek gÓh,
kerez. ihNdu /mR gÓh, kr;r mUel sÅbt b;Ó†,à ez]I \ an*;n* ¤Cc be,Rr
enp;lI sMpÓd;eYr pÓ&;b. a;b;r exrp; \ t;m;'edr s'SpexR q;k;r fel
s;en;Y;redr Ak$; a'x eboä /mR gÓh, kerezà Akq; men kr; eyet p;er. d;ijRil'
ejl;Y ihNdu /mR;blÁI ai/k. Ar; dugR; pUj; ker. Aek dx;En ¤_sb bel. t;edr me/*
eg;ëI edbt; (clan deity) a;ez. bzerr exeW t;r pUj; ker. teb ihNdu /mR b; eboä
/mR;blÁIedr me/* ek;en; erW;eriW enE. s;en;Y;rr; ihNdu Ab' eboä ¤&YE
xbd;h ker. ihNdur; enp;lI bÓ;†, \ eboär; l;m;edr s;h;y* enY xbd;h kr;r
ibWeY. bÓ;†, Ab' l;m;edr anux;sn blb_ q;ek. s;en;Y;rr; mOt*ur pr 13 idn aexoc p;ln
ker. a;tÎIY Sbjnr; 11 idn aexoc p;ln ker. ihNdu inYm anus;er d;n di=,; edY.
ikNtu t;r; di=,; bÓ;=,ek n; ideY eb;nà emeYà &;eg« \ &;g«Iek edY.
q; k lI
enp;elr muSt;n
ejl;r q;k ndIekE inejedr iptOSql bel q;klIr; emen q;ek. Ar; isj;lI r;j
`r;n;r #kurI b'exr el;k bel d;bI ker. isj;r r;jkum;r q;k e%l;r iqinr emeYek ibeY ker ey
sNt;n heYezà esE heCz q;klI.
Aedr mu%mçl meˆg;lIY;n pÓkOitr a;r Aedr &;W; heCz bÓ†;lI. Ajn* AE sMpÓd;Yek
aenek meˆg;lIY;n bel men ker q;ek. q;klI sm;j c;r &;eg ib&¼² Ab'
pÓet*k
&;eg inj inj kuledbt; a;ez. Aedr kuledbt; @Ó;gnà h;ità is'h a;r ecorI
g;E.
q;klIedr prMpr;gt Ak$; s'g#n a;ez. ± s'g#en 25 eqek 40 jn sds* q;ek. ± s'g#enr
n;m ic‡r. pÓet*k sds* Ak$; inidRê $;k; jm; ker. pÓqm $;k; k*;ixY;r ineY
b*bs; kreb. pÓet*k bzerr $;k; pÓet*k sds*ek ed\Y; hY. 25 eqek 40 jn sds*edr me/* AE
pÓq; clet q;ek.
q;k;lIr; l;m; /mRà Z;krI /mR ØtN] mN]Ù \ eb;j* ØbYSkÙ izl. A%n Ar;
ihNdu/emR
–p;Ntirt heCz. Aedr me/* iptOpUj;r pÓcln a;ez. b;i‹et iptOpUj;r jn* Ak$; `r
r;%; hY. ± `er ek¤ y;Y n;. q;k;lIr; piXcm idk mu% ker pUj; ker. Ar; cuir ker
ibeY ker n;. inejedr r;µ`er q;k;lI i&µ an* k;¤ek
!uket edY n;.
Ar; mOtu*r per 13 idn aexoc p;ln ker. Aedr me/* ibb;h s'Sk;r \ mOt*u s'Sk;r aenk
rkm a;ez. inMnili%t s'Sk;r p;ln kr; hY.
1. s;'etin " sNt;n jnÎgÓh, kr;r pr itniden Ar; ºä heY y;Y. ± k;ji$
l;m; ker.
2. eb;ek;er; " cul k;$;ek Ar; eb;ek;er; bel. p-;c eqek b;er; bzerr me/* Ar;
AE k;j ker. m;m; cul k;e$.
3. z;ebl;b; " ‡Mf;et l;m;r; ey dI=; edYà \ ek z;b;l;b; bel.
q;k;lIedr l;b;efb; mu%* pbR. Ar; s;tidn /er AE kuledbt;r puej; ker Ab'
ex;&;y;]; /Um/;m ker ebr ker. pUj;rIek p;eNt bl; hY. Aedr a;idpu•eWr jIbnI
aqb; ˜me,r k;ihnIek /mRgÓNq ihs;eb en\Y; hY.
‡ • '
‡•'
enp;lI aqb; ‡%R; j;itr Ak ¥pj;it. Ar; me^;lIY;n pÓkOitr. Ar; ed%et
ez;$à pItb,R Ab' sd; h;ismu%. Aedr &;W; itót b;†;lI &;W;
smUehr Aki$. Aedr injSb s'SkOit a;ez. a;eg Ar; eboä izlà A%n Ar; ihNdu/emRr
k;z;k;iz a;sez. Ar; piXcm enp;el k;ilg¹kI eqek b;gmtI a÷l pyRNt bsb;s
krez. pUbR enp;l Ab' &;retr ibi&µ pÓ;eNt Ar; b;s krez. enp;l \
E'erjedr sublI siN/r pr Ar; Ei¹Y;n Ab' ibÓi$x ef;esR ai/k s'%*k ibd*m;n.
Aedr sNt;n jNm h\Y;r dx iden n;mkr, kerà l;m; puer;ihetr k;j ker. Ar;
idid b; eb;nek di=,; edY. ezel hel itn bzr inejr b;i‹r ¤#;en n;ecr b*bSq;;
kr; hY. t;ek Úpu$pue$Û bel. ± n;ec m;m;r b;i‹r el;ekr; n;cg;n ker.
ezel p-;c bzr hel \r gl;Y di‹ eb-e/ Ak$; k;e#r %-ui$et eb-e/ r;%; hY.
`err e&tr eqek m; eb‹;lek @;k;r &iˆg ker. AE &iˆgek suir
suir bel. ezel m*;¤ m*;¤ blet blet `err i&ter y;Y. AE smY bN/u b;N/bek
e@ek %;\Y;en; hY.
‡•' j;itr ibeY b;i‹et ¤d;r nIit anusr, kr; hY. emeYr; SbtN] Ab'
t;edr Sb;/Int; a;ez. ibexW ker er;@I `er ibeYr y+ hYà a;r ezel emeYr;
n;cg;n ker àey y;ek &;lb;esà es t;ek ibeYr pÓSt;b r;e%. ey ezel ey
emeyek pzNd ker t;r b;i‹et md \ murgI ¤ph;r Sb–p p;#;eb. ezelr
a;tÎIYr;
AE ¤ph;r b;i‹et ineY y;eb. es$; anuem;dn krel ibeY p;k;p;ik heY y;eb.
m;tul pe=r ezel a;r ipis pe=r emeY ibb;ehr e=e] sbeceY jnipÓY. ib/b;
eboid a;r x;lIr seˆg ibeYet ek;en; b;/; enE.
‡•' sMpÓd;eYr mOt b*i¼² l;m;r a;edx;nus;er d;hà kbr aqb; ndIet
&;iseY idet p;er. mOt b*i¼²r s_k;err a;eg t;r mue% Ak $uker; es;n;à
mug;à c-;idà ikzu %;b;r ijins a;r abx*E md r;%; hY. Ar; s;/;r,t etr iden
aexoc p;ln ker. Aedr me/* emeYr; aeNtiê i½Y;Y eyet p;er.
g; E en
enp;elr
sudUr piXcem g;Een ¤pj;itedr b;s. Aedr ¤_pi¼ sMpekR ik'bdNtI ibd*m;n. bÓe†r
sOi:$r me/* gN/bR ¨iW s;d;ise/ izeln. an* ¨iWr; g•r p; ineY i&=;
c;\Y;r kq; bl;Y itin ± g•r p; ineY i&=; kret egeln. per an* ¨iWr;
ac*ut bel t-;ek t*;g kreln. ± ¨iWr sNt;nbgR heCz g;Een. a;r Aki$
ik'bdNtI a;ez. AE gN/bR ¨iW Akmen aPsr; n;c ed%et q;k;Y an*ikzu
t-;r eg;cer izl n;. n;c g;nE t-;r /*;n +;n q;k;Yà t-;r sNt;enr; n;c g;n
kerE inejedr %;b;r i&e= ker s'gÓh krt. btRm;n g;Een ¤pj;it sMpÓd;eYr
me/* t; l=* kr; y;Y.
±ith;isk dOiêek;, eqek ed%; y;Y eyà k;cikr r;j; jgtI %;enr seˆg Ar;
Aesizeln. j' b;h;dur r;,;r
mN]ItBk;el tfixlI j;it eqek aLp Ak$u dUer Aedr r;%; heYez. /mIRY e=e] Ar;
ihNdu /mR;blÁI. s;m;ijk e=e] Ar; ac*ut.
g;Eenedr mu%* epx; g;n kr; Ab' i&=; kr;. Ar; Akj;Yg;Y ebxI idn q;ek
n;. g;n kret kret Ar; ibi&µ Sq;en `uer eb‹;Y. Aedr mu%*t itn/re,r
g;n a;ez. pÓqmt" bIrpu•Wedr kIitRk;ihnI ineY Ar; g;n ker. Aek kqR;
bel. idBtIYt" /mR kmR ineY g;n. mh;&;rtà r;m;Y,à pur;,à dugR;
pÓxiSt Et*;id. Aek m;lxÓI gIt bl; hY. tOtIYt" Z;¤e‹ gIt. ibi&µ
Sq;enr Sq;nIY surek ineY epÓmà iben;dn pyR;eY g;n ker. g;Eenr; mu%*t
s;erˆgI b;j;Y. Aedr sNt;n jnÎ;el zY idenr idn n;mkr, ker. ku¹lI b;n;Y.
nY idenr idn a;tÎIY Sbjnek %;\Y;Y. a;r zY m;es aµpÓ;sn edY. aµpÓ;sen
$;k; b; ghn; ¤ph;r edY. g;Eenedr ecot;r mt sm;er;h hY. ± anuë;en ezelek
Ak$; /uit a;r Aki$ $uip ed\Y; hY. es iden \ek md %;\Y;en; hY.
g;Een sm;ej m;m;r emeYr seˆg ipisr ezelr ibeY heb. ikNtu ipisr emeYr
seˆg m;m;r ezelr ibeY heb n;. ibeYr a;eg Akjn ey;g;ey;gk;rIek emeYr
b;i‹et p;#;en; hY. ezelemeYr ku¹lI eml;en; heY q;ek. ku¹lI imel egel
ezel p= emeYr b;b;ek Ak$; $;k; edY. A$; gÓh, krel ibeY p;k;p;ik heY y;Y.
t;rpr duEp= Akseˆg e&;ejr a;eY;jn ker. e&;ejr idn ezel \ emeYr
k;p‹ \ ghn; ekn;r idn i#k hY. k;p‹ iken a;n;r pr &;el; idn ede%
k;pe‹r puej; hY. sÅb hel Ak$; mihW eke$ e&;jenr a;eY;jn kr; hY.
miheWr Ak$; ¤• emeYr m;m;ek ed\Y; hY. t;r bdel m;m; a;/ ekij nun edY.
miheWr m;q;$; el;mI ey;g;ey;gk;rI (middleman)
ek ed\Y; hY. an* m;'s s;/;r, e&;ej b*bh;r hY. ibeyet jY
mnbt; Ak$; g;n g;Eet hY. AE g;enr seˆg arb;ej; a;r s;erˆgI b*bhÌt hY.
arb;ej; pu•WyN] a;r s;erˆgI emeY yN]–ep pirict.Ar; mOtedh
ihNduedr mt d;h ker Ab' t;edr mt aexoc p;ln ker.
esojn* "
Sbedx/AipÓl
" 2002
perr p;t;
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