¤inx xtekr g[;emr emeYr; \ h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs
suimt; c]²btIR

h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs ØHannah Catherine MullenceÙú AE n;mi$r se^ s;iht*úp;#k b;°;ilr pircY a;ez. t;r el%; gd*úa;%*;n Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Ûú AE n;mi$\ a;m;edr j;n;. b;'l; ¤pn*;esr p[qm pebRr p[StuitúpyR;eYr a;el;cn;Y AE el%;i$r n;m b;rb;r ¤e# a;es. ek¤ Aek p[qm b;'l; ¤pn*;s bel g[h, kret c;nà ek¤ t; c;n n;. ibtekR p[ebx n; kerE bl; y;Yú rIitm;ifk ¤pn*;s eh;k b; n; eh;kú AE eli%k; a;r AE a;%*;nú duEeYrE ibi&µ ¤eö%ey;g* wbixê* a;ez. E'erj mihl; a;g;eg;‹; b;'l; &;W;Y sMpU,R Aki$ kq;bO¼ rcn; ker eflelnà 1852 i%[í$;eÝà y%n b;'l;Y ek;n\ ¤pn*;sE el%; hYinú Aú`$n; ikzu$; ibSÎYkr inXcYE.

h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNsúAr ipt;r n;m izl er&;erç a*;lfNs f-{;es;Y; l*;ker;Y; ØRev. Alphonse Francois LacroixÙ. itin izeln imxn;ir /mRp[c;rk. esE sUe] Aesizeln &;ret Ab' klk;t;Y. esE smY klk;t;Y t-;r sNt;nedr jn* ¤pyu¼² ek;n\ ibd*;lY izl n; bel h*;n; \ t-;r eb;enedr wxxbúb;el*r p;#;&*;s ge‹ ¤e#izl b;i‹etEú ibexW ker m;eYr t¼B;b/;en. t;r fel yeqCz bE p‹et eperizeln ikNtu an*;n* ibWeY %ub ebix s;mig[k +;n ajRn kret p;ern in. teb h*;n;úr &;W; ixe% enb;r =mt; izl shj;t. &Ot* Ab' pirc;irk;r; b;°;il izl bel ÂCzNd cilt \ kq* b;'l;Y itin blet \ buZet p;retn an;Y;es. t; z;‹; p;irb;irk a;behr k;re, i%[í$/mR ibWYk g[Nq;blI t-;r &;el;&;eb pi#t izl.
i%[í$ú/emR t-;r ibXb;s izl g&Ir Ab' as'xY.

h*;n; k*;q;irn jNmg[h, kern klk;t;Y 1826 i%[í$;eÝr 1 jul;E. a;mr; j;in ey 1818 s;l eqekE E'erj imxn;iredr p[ecê;Y klk;t; Ab' p;XbRbtIR ibi&µ a÷el edxIY emeYedr jn* ibd*;lY Sq;ipt het ºr³ kerizl. esEsb ¦uel inM©ib¼ pirb;err b;ilk;r; a;st. t;edr me/* ihNdu Ab' muslm;n ¤&Y sMp[d;eYrE z;]I izl. ihNduedr me/* tq;kiqt inM©bgIRY ex[,Ir emeYedr\ p[ebx;i/k;r izl es%;en. a;r esE jn*E ¤Ccbe,Rr ihNdur; esEsb ¦uel inejedr emeYedr p;#;et c;Eetn n;. fel 1830 s;l n;g;d ai/k;'x ¦ulE bNbÌ heY y;Y.

tbu ikzu ikzu ¦ul c;lu izl Ab' ntun ikzu ikzu ¦ul m;eZ me/* p[itiët heYez. a*;lfNs
f-{;es;Y; izeln lçn imxn;ir es;s;Ei$r sds*. AE s'Sq;r heY k;j krb;r jn* 1821 i%[í$;eÝ itin
p[qm c-ucu‹;et a;esnà t;rpr a;esn klk;t;Y. AE es;s;Ei$r ¤ed*;eg 1838 s;el &b;nIpuer Aki$
p[c;rekNd[ e%;l; hY Ab' es%;en edxIY b;ilk;edr jn* Aki$ ¦ul\ p[itiët hY. h*;n;r bYs t%n m;] b;er;. ikNtu eyehtu itin %ub &;el; b;'l; blet p;retn t;E t-;ek AE emeYedr ikzu ikzu k®;s enb;r &;r ed\Y; hl. s;/;r, \ dird[ `err b;°;il emeYedr se^ h*;n;r pirceYr es%;enE sU]p;t.

ipt;m;t; \ &;Eeb;enedr se^ 1841 i%[í$;eÝ itin E'l*;eç ifer y;n. es%;en p[;Y ed‹ bzr imess r*;mej ØMrs. RamsayÙ n;mk Ak mihl;r ibd*;leY ikzuidn el%;p‹; kern. ikNtu itin ey pirmçel bsb;s kretn t; sb smYE izl g&Ir&;eb i%[í$/emRr &;b/;r;Y iniW¼². h*;n;r ipt; spirb;er a;b;r klk;t;Y ifer a;esn 1843 s;el Ab' h*;n; a;b;r t-;r el%;p‹;à p‹;en;r k;j Ab' E¤inYn c*;eplúA b;Eebl p;e#r k®;s inet ºr³ kreln. t-;r ibb;h hY 1845 s;elr 19 jun. t-;r Â;mI ej.m*elNsú\ izeln imxenr kmIR. h*;n; Ab' t;r Â;mI su%I ibb;iht jIbny;pn krizeln. t-;edr c;ri$ sNt;n izlú itn emeY \ Ak ezel. Â;mIúS]I dujenE i%[í$/mR p[c;err k;ej a;tÎineY;g kerizeln. x[ImtI m*elNs edxIY emeYedr se^ `inë&;eb eml;emx; kretn. t-;r kmRe=e]r \ eml;emx;r Â;/Int;Y x[Iyu¼² m*elNs k%n\E ek;n\ b;/; ednin. el%;ili%r k;ej\ x[ImtI m*elNs Â;mIr k;ez eqek ¤_s;h Ab' sh;Yt; epeYizeln.

x[ImtI m*elNs t-;r kmRe=e] b;'l;r g[;emr emeYedr se^ ebx inib‹&;eb eml;emx; kretn. b;'l;r
g[;emr emeYedr me/* i%[í$/mR p[c;irt eh;kú A eymn t;r ai&p[;Y izlà etmnE itin a;Ntirk&;eb c;Eetn ey b;'l;r g[;emr emeYr; pirCzµt;à Â;Sq*ibi/ Ab' ikzu$; el%;p‹; ix%uk. itin c;Eetn esl;Eà esb;r k;j Ab' ixºúr=e,r k;j ker t;r; ikzu$; ¤p;jRen\ s=m eh;k. t-;r a;Ntirkt;r ‡e, itin
g[;mI, sm;ejr emeYedr k;ez inejek ibXb;sey;g* ker tulet eperizeln.

b;'l; &;W;Y Â;CzNd*à p[b;dúp[bcnúb;g/;r; pyRNt b*bh;r krb;r d=t;Y itin izeln ibixê. t;-r shnxIlt;\ izl pöIrm,Iedr k;ez ÂiStd;Yk. t-;r ek;n\ ahˆk;r izl n;. inejr h;et g[;emr emeYedr s;'s;irk k;j ex%;etn. edxIY b;lk b;ilk;edr se^ inejr sNt;nedr eml;emx;\ kret idetn. Asb kq;E j;n; y;Y t-;r ez;e$; eb;enr el%; Úib[f emem;irY;lÀsÀ ab imess m*elNsÛ n;mk Aki$ puiStk; eqek.

b;°;iledr me/* i%[ê/mR p[c;r krb;r ¤eâx* ineYE h*;n; Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û bEi$ ele%n. AE
g[Nq 1852 s;el p[k;ixt h\Y;r prE t-;r Â;eSq*r abnit `$et q;ek. 1853 s;el itin sNt;nsh E'l*;eç cel a;esn. t-;r Â;mI a;r\ ikzuk;l &;ret izeln. itin\ E'l*;eç ifer a;esn 1858 s;el. E'l*;eç h*;n;r kinë; kn*;r jNm hY. a;b;r t;r; spirb;er klk;t;Y a;esn 1861 s;el. a;b;r h*;n; k*;q;irn pU,R ¤ed*;eg t-;r ¦ulà sm;jesb; Ab' /mR p[c;err k;ej a;tÎineY;g kern. ikNtu Ar pr ½emE itin asuSq heY p‹et q;ekn. iátIY Aki$ b;'l; bE itin il%et ºr³ kerizelnú y;r n;m ÚibXb;s ibjY aqR;_ b^edex i%[í$/emRr gitr rIit p[k;x;qR ¤pn*;s.ÛbEi$ itin exW ker eyet p;ern in. 1861 s;elr ne&Ár m;esE t-;r mOtu* hY. per bEi$ t-;r pirb;err sds*r; exW kern Ab' 1867 s;el bEi$ p[k;ixt heYizl. AE dui$ bE z;‹;\ x[ImtI m*elNs Ak;i/k p[c;rúpuiStk; ile%izeln. eymnà ' The Missionary on the Ganges ; or what is christianity ? 'ú Calcutta , Christian Tract and Book Society, 1856. t-;r el%; a;r\ Aki$ bEúAr n;m p;\Y; y;Yú ' The Missionary's Budgerow or what is christianity (1857). ikNtu AE bEi$r sNbÌ;n gebWekr; p;nin.

* * * * * * * * *

a;mr; h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs ili%t Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û ¤p;%*;ni$r k;ihnIúa'x s'e=ep tuel /riz. a;%*;ni$ ¤¼m pur³eWr jb;inet rict. E'erj m*;ijeS${$úAr ptªI AE ¤pn*;esr kqk. eli%k; inejr /mRp[c;rk b*i¼²tBi$ek p[Czµ ere%ezn. esE m*;ijeS${$úptªI edxIY b*i¼²edr p[it sh;nu&UitsMpµ Ab' itin ibexW&;eb /mRp[;,;. esE E'erj mihl; Â;mIr kmRsUe] g^;tIrbtIR Ak mfÂl xher b;s kret igeYizeln. es%;en itin ink$btIR Ak i%[í$ú/m;RblÁI g[;em y;\Y; a;s; ºr³ kern. esE g[;em keYki$ pirb;err se^ t;r pircY hY. fulmi, n;em Ak s_Â&;bà kmR#à sugOihnI n;rIr se^ Ab' kr³,; n;emr Ak rm,Ir se^\ t-;r pircY hY ey alsà apir¦;rà k$U&;iW,I Ab' /emR ¤d;sIn. AE duE n;rIek i`erE dui$ pOqk kq;bO¼E AE ¤pn*;esr mUl a;%*;núbStu. t;z;‹;\ p*;rIà r;,Ià suNdrI p[&Oit n;rI cir] Ab' keYki$ pur³W cir] a;ez. p[et*ki$ n;rIúcir] ikNtu Ak Aki$ ÂtN] kq;bOe¼r ekNd[. pur³W cir]‡il kq;bOe¼r aNtgRt sh;Yk cir].

a;mr; ed%et p;E rcn;i$et ek;n\ /;r;b;ihk k;r,úk;yR xOˆ%l; smiNbt ekNd[IY a;%*;n enE. ez;$ \ b‹ kq;bOe¼r smNbeY gi#t g[;mújIbenr Aki$ pU,R ic] tuel /erezn eli%k;. esE smeY b;'l; ¤pn*;esr sOiê hY in. atAb b;'l; ¤pn*;esr ek;n\ a;dxR\ izl n;. anum;n kr; y;Y ¤inx xtkIY p;Xc;t* ¤pn*;s eli%k; p;# kerizeln. ikNtu esEsb ¤pn*;esr a;dxR i@ekNs b; ejn aeí$n b; jjR AilY$úAr ¤pn*;s eymn t-;ek g[h, kret ed%; y;Y n; . itin t-;r inejr ai&p[;Y anus;er inejr mt Aki$ a;%*;núbYnúekoxl %-uej ineYizeln. em;e$r \pr s;fel*r se^ itin AE rIitr b*bh;r\ kret eperezn. k;ihnIr exeW g[;mI, cir]‡ilr k;r kI hl t; ibbOt ker m*;ijeS${e$r ptªI a;%*;nkqn exW kerezn. A%;enE yid a;%*;ni$ sm;Pt ht t;hel i%[ê/mR sMpikRt b· ¤i¼²r a;itxy* se¼B\ a;%*ni$ek ¤pn*;s bl; eyt. ikNtu a;%*;n exW hb;r perE ek;n\ f-;k n; ideY eli%k; sklek i%[ê/mR g[h, krb;r pr;mxR ideYeznà ºineYezn b;EeblúAr b;,I. fel ey m*;ijeS${$úptªI izeln ¤pn*;esr cir]ú t-;r b*i¼²tBi$ imileY egez h;\Y;Y. es%;en abtI,R heYezn
i%[í$/mRúp[c;rk h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs. ¤pn*;s heY \#;r pe= AE rcn;úekoxl ú aqb; bl; y;Y ekoxelr a&;b ú b‹ Ak$; b;/; heY d-;i‹eYez. ¤pn*;esr ai&p[;Y iheseb el%k t;r ai&mt p[c;r kretE p;ern. t;et %ub ebix a;pi¼ kr; cel n;. ikNtu œpn*;isk yid Âúb*i¼²tBek a;‹;l n; ker p[t*=
p[c;rekr &Uimk;Y abtI,R hn t;hel ¤pn*;esr ixLprÌp b*;ht hYú ÂIk;r kretE heb esúkq;.

Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û ek p[qn b;'l; ¤pn*;s bel icih²t krb;r pe= a;r\ Ak ‡r³tBpU,R b;/; a;ez. gebWekr; j;ineYezn eyà AE a;%*;n emoilk nY. emoilk ey nYà t; j;n; egez Aki$ E'erij sm;el;cn; eqek. Úid \ireYN$;l b*;pi$í$Û n;em i%[í$IY sm;ejr Aki$ mu%p] izl. esE pi]k;r 1852
i%[í$;eÝr ag;í$ s'%*;Y ek;n Ak sm;el;ck x[ImtI m*elNs¿úAr bEi$r sm;el;cn; kern. itin Úd* ¤EkÀs¿Û ØThe WeeksÙ n;mk Aki$ E'erij ¤pn*;esr ¤eö% ker belezn eyà x[ImtI m*;elNsúAr bEi$ ± g[eNqr anusre,E rict heYez. ikNtu ± sm;el;ck Úd* ¤EkÀs¿Û ¤pn*;si$r el%ekr n;m ¤eö% kernin. bl; b;·l*à AE rcn;i$ mUl es[;etr E'erij ¤pn*;esr me/* pe‹ n;.

sm;el;cekr &;W* anus;erú x[ImtI m*;elNs ey dui$ p[/;n kq;bO¼ ablÁn kerezn Úd* ¤EkÀs¿ÛúA\ etmn dui$ kq;bO¼ a;ez. teb b;'l; bEi$et b;°;il i%[í$IY sm;j aiˆkt heYezà E'erij bEi$et t; hYin. es%;en bl; heYez Ak E'erj pirb;err kq;E. a;dxR i%[í$;n pirb;r iheseb b;'l; bEeYú fulmi,à t;r Â;mI ep[mc-;d \ t;edr itni$ sNt;enr ¤eö% a;ez. E'erij bEi$et a;ez etmnE rb;$R \ m*;ir n;em Ak dMpitr b,Rn;. t;edr\ itni$ sNt;n Ab' t;r; /mR&Ir³ \ st*;x[YI. aprpe= x[ImtI m*;elNsúAr bEeYr als p[kOitr kr³,;à t;r md*p Â;mI \ aúixê Â&;ebr pu]edr ineY ey kq;bO¼ú t;r\ ¤_s p;\Y; y;Y Úd* ¤EkÀs¿Û g[eNqr Ún*;inÛ n;emr Ak als \ apirCzµ Â&;ebr n;rIr cire]. t;r s's;r\ AkErkm zµz;‹;. an*;n* cire]\ a;ez ikzu ikzu s;dOx*. ¤¼² sm;el;ck mNtb* kerezn eyú " Incidents and conversations which give life to the narration, are also freely borrowed from ' The Week '."

a;mr; Úd* ¤EkÛ ¤pn*;si$ pi‹in. Amn kI AE ¤pn*;esr el%ekr n;m\ a;m;edr j;n; enE. eyúsb tq* ¤iöi%t hl t; a;mr; epeYiz aistkum;r beNd*;p;/*;Y sMp;idt Úp*;rIc-;d rcn;blIÛr Ømçl buk h;¤sà 1971Ù &Uimk;Y ØpO" 19ú20Ù. aistkum;r beNd*;p;/*;Y\ Úd* ¤EkÛ ¤pn*;si$r el%ekr n;emr sNbÌ;n idet p;ernin.

Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û i#k ¤pn*;s pdb;c* heY ¤#et p;erinú A ibWeY b;'l; s;ihet*r a;el;cekr;
p[;Y skelE Akmt. i&µ mt ep;Wn kern ic¼r¢n beNd*;p;/*;Y. ibSÎOitr aNbÌk;r eqek punr³Ê;r ker itinE bEi$r susMp;idt Aki$ iátIY s'¦r, p[k;x kern. itin j;ineYeznà l° s;hebr Úa; e@si½pi$& k*;$;lg ab eb^il \YkRs Ø1855Ù Ab' m;r@k¿úAr Úk*;$;lg ab d* i½Xc;n &;,R;kul;r il$;erc;r ab Eni@Y;Û Ø1870Ùú AE dui$ g[Nqút;ilk;Y h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNsúAr bEi$r n;m reYez.
ib[i$x im¤ijY;múAr t;ilk;et\ bEi$ ¤eöi%t. ey;gINd[n;q sm;â;r \ r;%;lr;j r;Y 1916 i%[í$;eÝ Ø1322 b^;ÝÙ ey Ús;iht*úpi¢k;Û p[,Yn kerizeln t;etE Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Ûúek b;'l; s;ihet*r p[qm ¤pn*;s bel e`;W,; kr; heYez. ip[Yr¢n esn t-;r Ú\eYí$;nR Enf®ueYNs En eb^il il$;erc;rÛ Ø1932Ù g[eNq AE bEi$r ¤eö% kerezn. a/*;pk esn abx* bEi$ek ¤pn*;s belninà beleznú " ... an imaginary sketeh of two christian girls for the glorification of the christian faith " . aistkum;r beNd*;p;/*;Y p*;rIc-;d ime]r Úa;l;elr `err dul;lÛ Ø1858ÙúAr tuln; kret igeY beleznú ÚÚp*;rIc-;d nIit p[c;r krel\ mUlt" ¤pedê; \ p[c;rk.ÛÛ Ø&Uimk;à p*;rIc-;d rcn;blIà mçl buk h;¤sà 1971à pO" 21Ù. ic¼r¢n beNd*;p;/*;Y AE g[Nqek p[qm ¤pn*;esr egorb edb;r p=p;tIú ÚÚº/u ey k;lúibc;er Úfulmi, \ kr³,;Û b;'l; &;W;r p[qm ¤pn*;s t; nYà ‡,ibc;er\ AE myR;d; a=uµ q;keb.ÛÛ Ø&Uimk;à fulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,à ic¼r¢n beNd*;p;/*;Y sMp;idt iátIY s'¦r,à ejn;erl ip[N$;sR a*;ç p;bilx;sRà 1958.Ù

Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,ÛúAr a;%*;nbStur ikzu pircY ed\Y; y;k. Úa;%*;nÛ y;ek bel t; %ub ebix n; q;kel\ Aekb;er tuCz krb;r met;\ nY.

b^edex ndItIrbtRI Ak mfÂel igeY p‹eln Ak m*;ijeí${$úptªI. Â;mI ebireY y;n k;ejß S]I cel y;n aLp dUerr Ak g[;emú ey%;en ai/b;sIr; g[h, kerez i%[í$/mR. itin t-;r pd;i/k;err ek;en; ah'k;r n; ere% g[;emr emeYedr se^ emexn. itin a;dxR i%[í$;n dMpit fulmi, \ t;r Â;mI ep[mc-;dß t;edr suxIl itn sNt;enr se^ pirict heY su%I hn. kr³,; n;emr a;r Ak rm,I alsà apirCzµà k$u&;iW,I. t;r Â;mI md*p \ at*;c;rIà t;r duE pu] durNt \ duêúÂ&;b. ikNtu m*;ijeí${$úptªI \ fulmi, a;Ntirk&;eb dujenE kr³,;ek ibped s;h;y* kern \ t;ek s_peq a;nb;r ecê; kern. exW pyRNt kr³,;r pirbtRn hY. esú\ su%I s's;err gOih,I hY.

AE dui$ kq;bO¼E p[/;n. AE dui$ a;%*;en a;mr; em;e$r \pr suiciNtt cir]úinmR;e,r p[Y;s edi%. a;%*;ndui$r ibbtRn a;ezà a;ez pir,it. t;z;‹; r;nI n;emr a;r Aki$ tr³,Ir kq; a;ez ey aLp bYes Â;mI h;ireYez. at*;c;rI x;ºi‹ \ Aki$ kn*;sNt;n ineY ey jIbn k;$;Y. p*;rI n;em i%[í$/emR &i¼²mtI Ak bY¦; n;rIr cir] a;ezú ey i%[í$/mR g[h, krb;r ep[r,;Y eze‹izl t;r pirjnedr. a;%*;enr exeW ed%; y;Yú fulmi,r suxIl; kn*; suNdrI klk;t; xher Ak shÌdY E'erj pirb;err pirc;irk; heYez. esE pirb;errE kmRc;rIú edxIY i%í$;n m;ilúr ixi=t pu] \ suNdrI prSprek &;el;ebesez. a;b;r Ak ibb;h;qIR i%[í$;n yubekr se^ ib/b; r;nIr\ ibb;h iSqr hl. AE dui$ ibb;ehr a;nNdú¤_sebr ibbr, ideY exW heYez ibb;ehr k;ihnI. ikNtu a;egE belizú k;ihnIúaeNt a;ez i%[í$/mR g[h, krb;r eyoi¼²kt; \
p[&u iyºr mihm;úkItRn b;ck sMpU,R dui$ pOë;. a;%*;ni$r me/*\à ey%;enE s;m;n* p[s^ Aesez es%;en eli%k; b;Eb¿l¿à i%[í$/emRr sd;c;r \ p[&ur b;,I t-;r ibXb;esr kq; b*¼² kerezn. flt rcn;i$ sit*E aenk$;E Úp[c;rmUlkÛ heY pe‹ez. AE k;re, Ab' %;ink$; emoilk rcn; nY bel AE bEi$ek a;mr; b;'l; s;ihet*r p[qm ¤pn*;s iheseb ek;en;rkm a;el;cn;r me/* r;%iz n;. ikNtu Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û b;'l; s;ihet* dui$ k;re, ‡r³tBpU,R bel ibebict het p;er.

p[qm k;r,i$ AEà AE k;ihnI b;'l; g[;emr gLp. b;'l; s;ihet* ged*r ¤ãb `e$izlà %ub Â;&;ibk&;ebEà xhr klk;t;Y. ged*r ¤ãbú AE b*;p;r$;E n;girk. ixi=t &d[jenr sm;jectn;r p[qm a;/;r heY \e# s'b;dp]. s'b;dpe]r ¤ãb `$et p;er xherE. k;r, mud[,yeN]r p[eY;jn hY s'b;dp] \ s;miYkpe]r p[k;exr jn*. esE se^ p[eY;jn sm;jmn¦ miSte¦r. pOiqbIr sb edexE gd*à s'b;dp]à s;miYkp] Ab' esE sUe] kq;s;ihet*r a;ib&;Rb `e$ez xher.

esE s;iht* y;r; rcn; kereznà t-;r;\ ai/k;'x e=e] xhrb;sIà ixi=tà m/*ib¼
&d[el;k. b;'l; s;ihet*r e=e] Akq;i$ a;r\ inib‹&;eb st*. k;r, ¤inx xtekr ixi=t b;°;il
&d[el;ekr; g[;mSq edexr b;i‹ eze‹à klk;t; xher kelej pe‹ Ab' jIibk; inbR;h kerE t-;edr injÂ
ex[,I p[itë; kerezn. t-;edrE a;mr; blet p;ir ¤inx xtekr b;°;il buiáÌjIbI. b;'l; kq;s;iht* ge‹ ¤e#ez A-edrE klem. t;E b;'l; kq;s;iht*ek bl; y;Y a;jNm n;girk. &b;nIcr, beNd*;p;/*;Y il%eln Únbb;buibl;sÛ Ø1823Ù. AE el%;Y ¤CzOˆ%l b;°;il b;buúsm;ejr kdyR jIbny;penr ic],. ± bzerE p[k;x epeYizl t-;r a;r Aki$ bEà y;r n;m Úkilk;t; kml;lYÛ. AE bE ek;en; a;%*;ni&i¼k rcn; nY. bEi$ Aki$ g;E@úbuk. g[;emr m;nuW klk;t;Y Ael htcikt heY y;Y. j;en n; kI&;eb kq; blebà kI&;eb imxeb &d[jenr se^. j;enn; ek;q;Y egel p;eb suibe/mt q;k;r \ %;\Y;r j;Yg; aqb; p[eY;jnIY ed;k;nb;j;r. g[;emr m;nuW xher Aes p[t;irt hb;r sÅ;bn; p[bl. Úkilk;t; kml;lYÛú AE bEi$et ed\Y; a;ez AEsb hidsú y;et g[;emr m;nueWr suibe/ hY. AE bEeYr mUl &;bn;E hl klk;t;.

a;mr; cel a;is b;'l; s;ihet*r p[qm ¤pn*;s bel ÂIkOt Úa;l;elr `err dul;lÛ Ø1858Ù rcn;i$et. AE ¤pn*;s eyn klk;t;rE Eith;s. /nI pue]r ix=;r jn* xher a;s; p[eY;jn. AE xhrek ktidk eqek edi%eYez p*;rIc-;d im]. k%n\ k%n\ men hYú es sb s;'b;idekr p[itebdnà ¤pn*;esr a'xE nY. eymnà ¦uelr p;#*t;ilk;à a;d;lt p[;^e,r ibbr,à puilexr q;n;r ic] Et*;id. k;lIp[sµ is'ehr suib%*;t klk;t; ic],ú Ú·et;m p-*;c;r n„;Û Ø1862Ù p[/;nt klk;t;r jIbny;penr tq*ic]. Arper abx* b;'l; s;ihet* Aesez b·ib/ wbic] Ab' kLpn;r ibSt;r. Aesezn biˆkmcNd[à remxcNd[à Â,Rkum;rI.

ikNtu b;'l; kq;s;iht* rcn;r p[qm pebRú 1823 eqek 1865úr me/* ey Akm;] b;'l; a;%*;ni$et fue$ ¤e#ez g[;mic]à Sq;n epeYez g[;emr m;nuWú esE el%;i$rE n;m Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û.

Amn p[Xn s^t&;ebE ¤e#ez ek;n¿ g[;emr kq; ile%ezn h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs ?

i%[í$;n imxn;irr; y%n b;'l;Y inejedr p[itë;n Sq;ipt ker i%[í$/mR p[c;err p[Y;s g[h, kerizelnà t%n t-;r; b;'l;r g[;emr m;nueWr k;ez ep-oez igeYizeln p[qemE y%n nb* ixi=t b;°;il ihNdu g[;m eze‹ xher Aes inejek p[itiët kret b*g[. t;r fel g[;emr dird[ m;nuW Ab' a;idb;sIr; i%[í$/emR dIi=t heYez ebix. ek;en; ek;en; g[;m ge‹ ¤e#ez ekbl i%[í$/mR;blÁI m;nuWedr ineYE k;r, /mR;Ntirt i%[í$;nedr ihNdur; &;el;&;eb g[h, kernin. fel /mR;Ntirt i%[í$;nr;à s'%*;l`u sMp[d;eYr p[eY;jn \ m;niskt; anus;er Ake] aenek imel bsb;s kretn. AE&;eb ek;en; ek;en; g[;m Ab' g[;emr a'x ge‹ ¤e#izl i%[í$;n pöI iheseb. esrkmE Aki$ pöIek A%;en ¤pn*;esr Sq;np$ iheseb g[h, kerezn x[ImtI m*elNs. t; se¼B\ g[;emr m;nuWE t-;r ablÁnú AE st*i$ aÂIk;r kr; y;Y n;. imxn;irr;E p[qmà
i%[í$/mR p[c;err ¤eâx* ineY hel\à dird[ g[mI, &;rtIY sm;ejr idek esb;r h;t b;i‹eY ideYizeln. h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNsúAr Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û esE s;=*E bhn ker. SÎr,IY ey er&;erç l;libhlrI ed b;'l; kOWkedr ineY ey E'erij ibbr, ile%izeln t;et\ b;'l;r g[;emr kq; a;ez Ab' l;libh;rI edú\ izeln inë;b;n i%[í$;n. ÚcNd[mu%Ir ¤p;%*;nÛ Ø1859Ù n;em Aki$ b;'l; ¤pn*;s\ ile%izeln l;libh;rI ed. esi$\ g[;emr gLpú yid\ grIbedr ineY el%; nY.

g[;emr inMnib¼ m;nueWr p;irb;irk jIbn Ab' s;m;ijk aqRnIit aenk$;E /;r, ker q;ekn emeYr;. ib¼x;lI m/*ib¼ pirb;err emeYedr mt t-;r; s;m;ijk aqRnIitr scl bO¼ eqek ibiCzµ q;ekn n;. b;i‹et c;l b; a;$; enE bel ey dird[ n;rI pukur`;$ eqek x;k tuel Aen isáÌ ker sNt;nedr %;\Y;n itin kt g&Ir&;eb Aki$ edexr aqRwnitk piriSqitr se^ yu¼² t; aqRwnitk pirs'%*;enr g;i,itkt;Y sbsmY /r; pe‹ n;.

¤inx xtekr m/*&;eg AE g[mI, emeYedr menr k;z;k;izà jIbny;penr aNdrmhel ekmn ker ep-oez;ebn pur³W el%k aqb; pur³W s;'b;idk ? h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs b;Eebl Ab' i%[í$/mR se^ ineY Aki$ p[;Nt eqek hel\ ep-oez;et eperizeln esE emeYedr k;ez. t-;r hÌdeY izl ap;r sh;nu&Uit. t;E t-;r dOiêek;, Ab' ic], a;m;edr k;ez mUl*b;n bel men hY.

m*;ijeí${$úAr ptªI g[;emr me/* !ukeln. ed%eln fulmi,r `rb;i‹.ú Út;h;r ctuidRekr eb‹; nUtn drm; \ nUtn b-;x idY; b-;/; izlà Ab' tdupir Aki$ suNdr iZ°; lt; ¤i#Y;izl. ¤#;enr Ak p;eXbR eg;r³r Ak%;in `r ed%; eglà t;h;r me/* Aki$ g;i& \ b_s /Ier 2 j;\n; %;Eetez. eg;x;l;r z;etr ¤per aenk p;k; l;¤ edi%l;m. ¤#;enr an* idek p;kx;l; izlà Ab' t;r á;r e%;l; q;k;et a;im edi%et p;El;m tNme/* itn c;iri$ sum;ijRt q;l; \ `i$ Ab' kAk%;n pir:k;r p;qr\ r;xIkOt a;ez. ¤#;n suNdrrÌep pir:kOt izlà t;h;et eymn p[;Y skl `er rIit a;ez etmn ek;n ek;e, j¢;elr r;ix edi%et p;El;m n;ß skl sm;n pir:k;r izl.Û

p[;^, m;jRn;r pr j¢;elr r;ix ek;q;Y q;ekú AE i@e$lúAr jn* AE kqn heY \e# ibexW&;eb emeYedr. A&;ebE emeYedr ep;W;kà r;µ; \ %;\Y;r b,Rn;à aitiq a;p*;Ynà b;g¿&i^ú sbE ¤e# a;es x[ImtI m*elNsúAr el%;Y.

esE b;i‹r gOih,I fulmi,. t;r k;ez Aes d-;‹;l a;r Ak n;rI. t;r mYl; k;p‹à cul b-;/; enE. t;r n;m kr³,;. es belú Úc‹ci‹ rNbÌn kirb;r inime¼ ikzu wtl a;m;r ink$ c;ihet a;isY;ezà `er Aki$\ pYs; n;Eà a;m;r pu] A%in ktk‡iln cun; m;z /irY; a;inY; idlà esE‡iln AE ebl;r mt rNbÌn kirb. a;m;r Â;mIek et; j;nß es a;m;ek ikzu %rc edY n;à tq;ip %;Eet n; p;Eel smSt r;i] itr¦;r kiret q;ek.Û

AE a;%*;enr Ak;'ex a;ez Aki$ p[sebr ibbr,. Úr;,IÛ n;emr emeYi$r p[sb het edir heCz bel t;r yN],; ash* heY ¤e#ez Ab' t;ek i`er pr;mxR ideCz a;er; keYkjn rm,I. x[ImtI m*elNsúAr b,Rn;Y jIbNt heY ¤e#ez esE p[sbk;lIn dOx*.ú Úr;i,r Â;mIr mOt*ur smeY eyrÌp eg;lm;l hEY;izlà A%n\
S]Iel;ekr; esErÌp eg;lm;l punb;Rr kiretezß ibexWt" dx b;er; jn emY*; a;isY; r;i,r c;irideg
d-;‹;Eetizl. yid Ak jn kq; kehà teb an* jn a;r Ak$; kq; kehà Ak jn t;h;ek bisY; q;iket kehà a;r Ak jn bel n; n; tuim h-;i$Y; eb‹;\ß Ab' tOtIY jn ek;en; a+;n bui‹r œW/ a;inY; t;h;ek %;\Y;EY; edY. AE skl bOq; ¤p;Yá;r;à ezl*; xI`[ n; jiNmY; br' aenk iblÁ hEet l;igl t;h;et r;i,r yN],; aitxY bOiáÌ hEl.Û

a;%*;enr Aki$ a'ex a;ez fulmi, \ ep[mc-;edr s;'s;irk %recr ihesb kr;r dOx*. AE ihesb eqek Aki$ b;°;il pirb;err a;Yb*eYr cm_k;r Aki$ ic] p;\Y; y;Y.

Úep[mc-;d a;pn S]Iek billà a;m;r s;t $;k; m;ihn;r me/* Ak $;k; s;ehebr ink$ jm; kirY; r;i%Y;izß t--;h;r Sq;en a;m;edr A%n ecoâ $;k; hEY;ez. a;r AE l\à zY $;k; a;inY;izß A%n et;m;r k;ez kt a;ezà t;h; edi%.

fulmi, billà a;im du/ ebicY; itn $;k; b;er; a;n; p;EY;izl;mà t;h;r me/* eg;r³r e%;r;ekr inime¼ Ak $;k; b;er; a;n; b*Y hEY;ezß atAb t;h; /irb;r ek;n a;bx*k n;Eà AE duE $;k; m;] a;ez.

sóRsuáÌ a;m;edr a;Y nY $;k; dx a;n; a;ezà t;h;r me/* s;ehebr ink$ Ak $;k; jm; kirY;izà kr³,;r x;i‹r jen* dx a;n;à p[&ur e&;jenr inime¼ duE a;n;à imxnir es;s;Ei$r m;isk
c-;d;r inime¼ duE a;n;à Eh;et Ak $;k; ecoâ a;n; hElà b;ik q;ek s;t $;k; b;er; a;n;à n; eg; fulmi, ?
fulmi, iki÷tk;l ihs;b kirY; kihlà h-;à t;h; i#k hEY;ezß ikNtu s;/ur inime¼ b‹ /MmRpuStk ikinb;r k;r, ey duE a;n; m;es a;mr; jm; kirY; r;i%à t;h; ili%et &uilY;ezn.Û

a;%*;ni$et b;rb;r g[;emr emeYedr ¤p;jRenr ibi&µ p[s^ Aesez. t;r; esl;E ker ikzu ¤p;jRn kerà du/ ibi½ ker ikzu pYs; er;jg;r kerß p[eY;jen esb;r k;j ker\ ikzu pYs; ¤p;jRn kret p;er. t;z;‹; i%[í$;n b;°;il pirb;err pur³eWr; s;ehbedr a;dR;ilà %;ns;m;à b;buicR Et*;id ped inyu¼² hY. emeYr; a;Y; iheseb sMpµ E'erj pirb;err se^ bsb;s ker. k;ihnIr exW a'ex ey ibb;hs&; \ e&;ejr b,Rn; a;ezà t;ek abx* s;/;r, b;'l; g[;emr ic] bl; y;Y n;. teb i%[í$ú/mR g[h, kerez Amn
sMp[d;eYr m;nueWr; i%[í$IY p[itë;n‡ilr sh;Yt;Y AE&;eb a;nNdú¤_sebr ikzu ikzu a;eY;jn kret p;rt. esE b;Stbt;r ibbr, a;mr; A%;en p;iCz.

Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Ûú el%;i$r me/* a;r ey idki$ a;m;edr dOiê a;kWR, ker t; hl h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNsúAr b*bhÌt b;'l; &;W;. pOqk dOê;Nt in:p[eY;jn. ey keYki$ a'x ¤áÌOt heYezú t;r s;e=*E eb;Z; y;Y ey x[ImtI m*elNs Amn Ak ÂCzt;sMpµà p[b;hmY b,Rnú&;W; a;Y¼ kerizeln t; esE k;el
%ubE ibrl izl. an* el%kedr kq;s;ihet* ityRkà b*^úpirh;sb·l sucturà xIilt ged*r sNbÌ;n p;E. a;b;r imxn;iredr /mRp[c;rmUlk gd* izl kOi]m \ a;‹ê. t-;edr b;k*g#en izl E'erij b;k*úinmR;, páÌitr aÂCzNd z;Y;. ikNtu h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs srlà iSngBÌà s'ebdnxIl b;'l; gd* ile% egezn tr tr ker. b,Rn; a;r s'l;pú ¤&YtE itin s;qRk.

Â;&;ibk kq* c;elr b;'l; ged*r sNbÌ;en a;mr; s;/;r,t m/usUdnà dInbNbÌur n;$k \ p[hsn‡il h;et inE. h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNs t;r a;$ bzr a;egE shj \ s'ebdI b;'l; gd* inmR;e, sfl heYizeln. Aújn*\ t-;ek a;m;edr Smre, r;%; ktRb*. t-;r AE a;%*;enr ¤_srÌep p;Xc;t* ek;en; Ak ¤pn*;esr sNbÌ;n yid p;\Y;\ y;Yú a;%*;enr &;W; ey t-;r inj p[it&;r inmR;,ú t;et seNdh enE. /mIRY b;,Ir &;bg;M&IyR eqek ºr³ ker b;'l;r g[;emr emeYil b;g¿/;r; pyRNt sbR] sm;n kuxl t-;r el%nI.

h*;n; k*;q;irn m*elNsúAr Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û ¤pn*;si$ b;'l; s;ihet*r p;#k \ a;el;ckedr k;ez jnip[Y hY in. ½mx rcn;i$ ¤epi=t het het p[;Y ibSÎOt heY egez. t;r k;r, ikNtu a;%;ni$r rcn;úedobRl* nY. a;sel el%;i$ pi#tE hYin. t;r k;r, el%;i$ ibexW &;eb i%[í$;n sMp[d;Y&u¼² Ak el%ekr rcn;ß Úk*;lk;$; i½iXcY;n ${*;š a*;ç buk es;s;Ei$Ûr a;nukUel* p[k;ixt Ab' edxIY i%[í$;n n;rIedr me/* i%[í$/mR p[c;err ¤eâex* rict. AE k;re,E bEi$ ihNdu b;°;il buiáÌjIbIedr dOiê a;kWR, kerin. esE smeY ihNdu buiáÌjIbIr; imxn;rIedr /mR;Ntirtkr, p[ecë;r %ubE ibr³eáÌ izeln. ibexW ker 1845 s;el keYkjn ihNdu z;]ek i%[í$;n krb;r p[Y;s ¤ple= ihNdu Ab' i%[í$;n sMp[d;eYr me/* p[bl iber;/ ed%; ideYizl. t; x;rIirk s'`WR pyRNt g‹;Y. 1851 s;elr em m;es r;j; r;/;k;Nt edebr s&;pitetB \ireYN$;l esimn;ir ibd*;leY Ak ibr;$ s&; hY. s&;r ¤eâx* izl imxn;iredr p[&;b h{;s kr; \ dUr kr;. i#k esE smeY p[k;ixtà AE Úfulmi, \ kr³,;r ibbr,Û. i%[í$;n n;rIedr ¤eâex* rictà
i%[í$IY p[k;xn; eqek p[k;ixtà imxenr kmIRúeli%k;r á;r; rict AE g[Nq ihNduúb;°;il p;#ekr k;ez sebR;t&;eb ¤epi=t heYizl. yid\ y-;r; b;'l; s;ihet*r gebWk t-;r bEi$ pe‹izeln aenekEà ikNtu s;/;r, p;#k bEi$ etmn pe‹n in.

a;j a;mr; /mIRY anur;g Ab' ibr;g bjRn kerà ibexW ek;en; p[;itë;ink /emRr kq; n; e&eb yid bEi$ pi‹ t;hel 1852 s;elr ep[=;pe$ AE g[eNq b;'l;r pöIg[;múai&mu%I dOiêek;, Ab' inMnib¼ g[;mI, m;nueWr p[it shmimRt;sMpµ Ak el%ekr hÌdeYr sNbÌ;n p;E. esidk eqek rcn;i$ smg[ ¤inx xtkIY b;'l; kq;s;ihet* ikzu$; b*it½mI bl; y;Y.

esojn* " ab*Yà jun 2002

. a;egr p;t; . \pr . perr p;t; .

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