emeYek b;ij /er p;x; e%let bes Ak b;b; eher igeY eysb p[eXnr s;mn; s;min heYizeln es%;en emeYr ibSÎYà At em;W q;ket b;b; a;m;ek b;ij /rel ekn ?

p;x; e%let egil b;pu juY; e%let egil eh.
eken b;p ibi$ h;irel.
g;Y em;iW,I b;b;à es*h n; h;irel.
eknà b;puà ibi$ h;irel.
agt*; b;b;ek mu% %ulet hl. t;r b¼²b* " g;E mihW ÚgOehr ixer;mi,à kn*; perr a/In. sutr;' úúú
g;E em;iW,Ià ibi$ `err ixer;mi,
tuim ibi$ perr a/In.
Øel;kx[³it 2à 1967Ù

a;erki$ juY; Úsm;hYÛ e%l;Y n;n;/re,r pºp;i% b*bh;r kr; ht. mUl e%el;Y;‹ iheseb es%;en miheWr &Uimk; shejE anum;n kr; eyet p;er. wdniNdn k;jkemRr me/* z‹;eke$ kq; bl; piXcmr;eŒr emeYedr shj;t. es%;en ed%; y;eCz "
a-;i%et p;i%à re° a;ez ed;W
ipe# lY*; k;l;c-;dà %;‹; ede%; em;W.
g;ezr fl q;k g;ez
w&-s z;n; l;eg p;ez
`‹; `‹; ¤bur kr;
mEe/* ey t;r emo ep;r;..

AE &;eb duÔbtI miheWr ‡, b,Rn; Ab' AkE se^ mihWedr ai/edbt; yemr p[s^ e$en Aenez. Úipe# lY*; kl;c-;dÛ aeqR suSpê &;eb ymek p[s^ kr; hl. ym Ab' t;r b;hnek ekNd[ ker b;'l;r a;p;mr jns;/;re,r men Ak &Iitp[d s'¦;r dOŒmUl heY a;ez.

k;itRk m;es emeYr; Aki$ b[t ¤d¿y;pn ker. Ai$ Úympukur b[tÛ n;em pirict. AE b[etr k;ihnIr exW idek ympurIr di=,;'exr n;rkIY b,Rn;Y ix¤er ¤#et hY. abx* exW pyRNt Ai$ imln;Ntk k;ihnI ihs;eb ed%; ideYez. a;sel p;pkmR eqek inrt q;ket ± &Y;bht;.

Ak izl bu‹Ià t;r Ak ezel Ab' Ak emeY. emeYr ibeY heYizl ÂY' ymr;ejr se^à a;r ezelr hl Ak s;/;r, egrSt `err Ak emeYr se^. AE pu]b/U ympukur b[t kret %ubE ¤_s;hI. AE b[t p;ln kret hY c;r bzr prpr Akn;g;e‹. ikNtu pu]b/Ur b‹ du"%à y%in es b[etr kr,IY k;j kret y;Yà x;ºi‹ ed%et epel t%in t; e&eSt edY.

s;=I q;ek; /mRr;jà s;=I q;ek; tuim.
et;m;er puijet a;im %-ui‹l;m &Uim.
x;ºi‹r ek;ep pi‹ pUj; hl &^.
iátIY brW mm pUj; hl s;^..
AE&;eb tOtIY \ ctuqRb;err p[Y;s\ nê hl. Ar ikzuidn per Xb;ºi‹ m;r; egeln. mOt*ur per ympurIr di=,;'ex nrkkueç efel ed\Y; hl ± x;ºi‹ek. exWpyRNt ymr;ejr S]I aq;R_ AE x;ºi‹r emeY m;eYr &IW, kêd;Yk abSq; sh* kret n; eper ymr;jek k;tr imnit ker m;úek ± nrkkuç eqek ¤áÌ;r ker. Øb[tdpR,à pO " 150ú155Ù.

a;bhm;nk;l el;kix=;únIit+;n d;enr d;Y k-;e/ ineY y;r; g[;medex zib edi%eY g;n egeY q;ek esE p$uY; sMp[d;eYr ymp$ a'ex AE ympurIr ey b,Rn; t;\ a-;tÀek \#;r mt.
mud[;r;=s n;$ekr p[qm aeˆk AE ympi$k;redr b,Rn; btRm;n.

ymdUt k;ldUt @;Een a;r b;-eY
t;r me/* wbs; a;ez ymr;ejr m;eY..
p$uY;edr ympurI b,Rn;\ ebx &eYr ¤ed[k ker. AE &Y;bht; a;bhm;n k;l ym Ab' t;r b;hn mihWek m;nueWr k;z;k;iz a;set edYin. aqc wdniNdn jIben kOiWk;j eqek ºr³ ker wdihk xi¼²r ey ek;en; k;ej a;m;edr k;ez mUtR sh;Yekr &Uimk; hl miheWr.

iyº jeNmr h;j;r h;j;r bzr a;eg y%n m;nuW p[;Y pºr pyR;eY t%en; y;duteN]r p[&;eb ixk;r \ bex a;n;r jn* aNbÌk;r ‡h;r me/* miheWr zib a-;k; heYez. es zibr ey sb a'x a;j\ btRm;n t; ede% ey ek¤ ibSÎY;ibê n; heY p;ern n;. Aki$ ez;$ emeY Øey ± ‡h;ice]r idek p[qm s;r; ibeXbr dOiê a;kWR, kerizlÙ t;r ai&&;bekr se^ ± ‡h;Y !uek Ú$-*;er; $-*;er;Û bel ec-iceY ¤e#izl Ab' t;etE sb;E \pr idek t;ikeY ede% buen; miheWr i½Y;bNt zib. ØpOiqbIr ‡h;ic]à ibmelNdu c½btIRÙ

A Species of wild, of strenger build them the domestic variety, and still existing in long numbers in the wilds of Africa, but nearly extiant in western America - Buffalo. (Pears Cyclopaedia, P-140).

edbedbIr mUtR rÌepr icNt; hYt wbidk yug eqekE y;]; ºr³ kerizl ikNtu sb;hn edbedbI &;bn; exWpyRNt epor;i,k pebR Aes sit*k;err rÌp inl. p[s^tà smY \ suey;gmt edbedbIr; b;hn pirbtRn\ km `$;n in.

%[Iê;eÝr a;reÅr k;l eqek &i¼²ek ekNd[ ker ey smSt /mR m;q; c;‹; ideYizl t;edr /mRk;eçr p[/;n ablÁn izl p[tIk aqb; mUitR. AE sUe] Amn anum;n as^t nY ey AE mUitR b; p[tIk edbedbI a;id &UimúsNt;nedr a;r;/* izl Ab' ± sb edbedbIedr jnip[Yt; l=* ker mUl /mIRYes[;et ai/g[h, `$;en; heYez.

E-h;idegr ibg[h pUj;r Øa;idb;sI \ el;kjIbenrÙ anukre,E ib‚uà ixbà xi¼²à buáÌà ijn p[&Oit
s;Mp[d;iYk edbt;r \ t-;h;edr pirb;redr p[itm; inimRtà p[itiët \ &i¼² shk;er pUijt hEet q;ek. AE ¤i¼²r p[m;, ÂrÌp %[IêIY p[qm xtek kuW;, mh;r;j;i/r;j p[qm kine:kr tOtIY r;j* sÁ_ser mqur;r eboáÌ i&=u bl ktORk inimRt \ p[;cIn x[;bStInger p[itiët ibx;lk;Y eb;i/s¼B ØbuáÌÙ
p[itm;r ¤eö% kr; y;Eet p;er. y=ún;g;idr sup[;cIn mUitRr siht Eh;r a;kOitgt s;dOx* at*Nt ai/k. ú ØijetNd[n;q beNd*;p;/*;Yà &;rt ek;Wà 5m %çà pO" 358Ù

a;m;edr btRm;n a;el;cn; ey edbt;r sb;hn ibbtRn ineY itin sUyRpu]à ibr;$;k;rà h;et dç \ p;xà ipe^;/BR ekx Ab' t-;r b;hn hl mihW. wbidk yug eqek prel;ekr AE edbt; r;j; heY eqekezn ikNtu edbt;r sMm;n i#k p;nin. t-;ek bl; heYez ymr;jà /mRr;j p[&Oit. \idek a;r Ak sUyR tnYà xin heYezn g[hedbt;. p[s^tà xinr aenk n;emr me/* Aki$ hl ym. ebdà ¤pinWdà p[;cIn \ abR;cIn pur;, \ el;ks;ihet* ymr;jek i&µ i&µ ‡,pn;r a;/;r bel b,Rn; kr; heYez. t-;r b;hn\ ey abR;cIn ek;en; p[;,I t; em;e$\ nY. mg&elinY;n &;¦r miheWr y;du ú p[jnn p[i½Y;ek rÌp idet dui$ mihW mUitR m;i$ ideY wtir kerizeln y; ibexW+edr met iyºjeNmr 20à000 ú 10à000 bzr a;egr sOiê. ØPre Historic and Primitive Man, Andreas Lommel P. 17).

m;irY;edr esoNdyRectn;r m;pk;i# bl; eyet p;er buen; em;eWr ix'eYr ixer;&UW,. a;er; Spê ker blel blet hY bSt;err a;idb;sI m;irY; pirb;err s;m;ijk m;nmyR;d; AE ixer;&UW, mu%;r se^ j‹;en;. Aekki$ pirb;er AE mu%; b-;exr e%;el ait syten ere% ed\Y; hY Ab' ¤_sbúp;bRen t; n;m;en; hY. AE rkm Aki$ ixer;&UW, cuir y;\Y; Ab' t;r b*bh;rk;rI yub;r ± cuirr `$n;Y ibmWR heY a;tÎhnenr k;ihnI s;r; ibXb ºen Aesez. p[s^tà ygd;r AluEn s;ehebr s'g[eh AE /re,r suNdr suNdr ixer;&UWe,r nmun; izl. (Marg, vol XIII, December 1959). AE sU] /er bl; y;Y isNbÌus&*t;r nmun; s;=* ihs;eb ey sb mUitR ¤áÌ;r heYez t;r me/* p[cç xi¼²r ai/k;rI Ak mihW a;j\ a;m;edr dOiê a;kWR, kerà StiÅt bIeyRr p[tIk ihs;eb.

eboáÌedr edbt;edr me/* aenk ihNdu edbt;r ai/g[h, Ak$; smeY `e$izl. ek;en; ek;en; e=e] t;edr ntun rÌp ed\Y; heYizl a;b;r ek;en; ek;en; e=e] hYin. ymr;j A%;en idkÀp;l b; idkedbt;Y pir,t heYezn. di=,idekr ai/pit ymedb A%;en nIl b,Rà Ak mu% Ab' duE h;t. b;hn esE mihW. A-r nIl b,R ae=;&*kuelr edbt; ihs;eb A-ek icih²t ker. AE ae=;&*kuel g[hedbt; ihs;eb a;erk sUyRtnY inejr #-;E ker ineYezn. du"%k;rk edbt; ihs;eb itin\ icih²t. Ein xinedbà y-;r b;hn hl kCzp. Ar b,R kO‚ Ab' Ein iá&uj. SÎr, kr; eyet p;er xinr aenk‡il n;emr me/* Aki$ hl ym.

º/u ymr;j nnà t-;r x]³ ym;ir b; ym;Ntk Ar p[itë; ker eboáÌ edbedbIedr t;ilk; pUr, kr; heYez. AE ym;irr edb pyR;eY Sq;n izl at*Nt ¤-cuet. t-;r n;em a;l;d; a;l;d; tN]\ rict heYizl. ym;Ntekr mUitR p[/;nt duE re°rà Aki$ nIl b; k;el;à an*i$ l;l. k;el; mUitRet itin kO‚ym;ir Ab' l;l mUitRet r¼²ym;ir. r¼²ym;irr b,R et; bl;E hlà mu% Aki$ Ab' dui$ h;t. &Yp[d AE mUitR p[t*;lIY ped ymrÌpI mihWek dln kern. Ein @;n h;et r¼²b;d[Rà pItb,R nrmuç;iˆkt istdç /;r, kern Ab' b-; h;et r¼²pUirt kp;l hÌdeY /;r, kern. k%en; k%en; Ein inj p[&; eqek ¤_pµ iá&uj; Akmu%I p[+; b; xi¼²r se^ a;ili^t hn.

kO‚ym;ir ihs;eb itin kO‚b,Rà Akmu% Ab' iá&uj. t-;r mUitR\ &Yp[d. itin p[t*;lIY ped ymrÌpI miheW a;er;h, kern. t-;r @;n h;et bj[;iˆkt ¤d*tdç Ab' b-; h;et buekr k;ez p;xyu¼² tyRnI mud[; ed%;n. A-ek\ k%en; k%en; p[+;r se^ ed%; y;Y. ØeboáÌedr edbedbIà ibnYet;W &|;c;yRà pO" 88à 112ú118Ù.

ym;NtkIY &;bn;Y ymr;j Ab' t;r b;henr me/* aiStetBr ek;en; p;qRk* r;%; hYin. ikNtu ihNdu &;bn;Y b; a;er; pir:k;r ker blet egel blet hY ¨egBedr Stuitet ym &Y Ab' a&Y dui$ &;bE ineY a;ezn. a;b;r ke#;pinWed ymek a;mr; p;E prm +;nd;t; ihs;eb. AE ¤pinWedE ym \ nicekt; sÁeNbÌ a;tÎt¼BmUlk ¤p;%*;ni$ p;\Y; y;Y. ÚymÛ aeqR ÚmOt*uÛek A%;en ed%; y;Y. egotm r;jx[b;r ezel iptOst* p;ln kret ympurIet ¤piSqt heYezn. ymr;j t%n enE. itnidn per ifer ymr;j nicekt;r k;ez =m; p[;qRn; kreln Ab' itni$ br ideY t;ek %uix kret c;Eeln. nicekt; p[qm ber b;b;r men p[sµt; c;Eelnà iátIYi$et c;Eeln aig«ib+;n ibWYk ¤pedx Ab' tOtIYi$et a;tÎ+;n. p[qm dui$
p[;qRn; pUr, ker ymr;j blelnà Úa;tÎ+;n ineY ik kreb ? t;r c;Eet /wnXbyR ik'b; mOtuhIn jIbn p[;qRn; kr.Û yemr mu% ideY a;tÎt¼B sMpekR ebx ikzu ¤pedx A%;en ¤Cc;irt heYez.

pur;,‡ilet ymek n;n; idk eqek n;n; &;eb ed%; heYez. ¦Ndpur;, blezà /mRr;j ym pu,*;tÎ; b*i¼²edr k;ez x;Nt \ es;m* ikNtu p;pIedr k;ez &Yˆkr. m_s* pur;, ymek á;dx a;idet*r an*tm belez. t-;r b;hn mihWà aS] gd;. itin p[j;r¢k Ab' pib]kmR;. b;mn pur;, yemr b;hn miheWr n;m pyRNt bel ideYez puç{k bel. b;Yu pur;, ikNtu ymr;ejr b;hn sMpekR i&µ tq* edY. AE pur;, met dui$ h;it n;m t;edr a¢n \ s'kI,Rà Ar;E heln yemr b;hn. hirb'x met ú b[†; ymek ideYezn iptOge,r a;i/pt* Ab' ENd[ edn t-;ek di=,idekr ai/k;r.

pdÎpur;, metà edb;sur yueáÌ edb;Ntk d;nebr se^ yemr yuáÌ hY. mh;&;ret a;ez edb esn;pit k;itRekr k;ez ¤Nm;q \ p[m;q n;em duE anucrek ymr;j p;i#eY p[eY;jen s;h;ey*r kq; j;n;n. ymr;j Akb;r inejr ibm;t; z;Y; ktROk ai&xË heYezn. mh;&;retr bnpebR ym pitb[t; s;ib]Iek t-;r Â;mI st*b;enr inë;r pur:k;r idet iá/; kernin. ØedbedbI \ t-;edr b;hnà Â;mI inmRl;nNd pO" 164ú179Ù.

¨egBedr ymymI sUe¼² Ø10à10Ù eyobn mdm¼; ymI seÅ;g k;mn;Y &;E ymek a;ebgmY &;W;Y p[er;cn; ideCzn a;r ym eb;Z;eCznà &;Eeb;enr Amn imln sn;tn /emRr pirpNqI. Øitn h;j;r bzerr el;k;Yt jIbnà suerxcNd[ beNd*;p;/*;Y pO" 126Ù.

ym \ miheWr sMpkR At p[isáÌ hb;r k;r, dueYr me/* ebx ikzu mUlgt iml btRm;n. p[qemE bl; y;Y dueYr me/* ibprIt ‡e,r sm;ebexr kq;. kd;k;r ech;r; z;‹; dOiêet a;ez &Iitp[d j;gr ‡, y; ym Ab' mihWek ibexW &;eb icih²t ker. dueYrE a;ez m;nueWr pe= kl*;,kr &Uimk;. ymr;j eymn el;kiSqit r=;r ktR; etmin gOhp;ilt em;W &;rbhnk;rIà kOiWk;ej s;h;y*k;rI Ab' xk$b;hI. due/r
p[s^ et; mihWek m;nbkl*;e, ibexW myR;d;r a;sn edY.

ek¤ ek¤ h;itek yemr b;hn ihs;eb b,Rn; kerezn. t-;edr met h;it\ mh;k;Y Ab' m¼ heY ¤#el h;it ym aqR;_ mOt*u tul* &Yˆkr. t;E yemr yq;qR b;hn h;it. t;z;‹; ymà xin dueYrE b;hn ihs;eb k;ekr kq; ek¤ ek¤ belezn. a;sel r° \ cir] anuxIln \ pyReb=, ker AE /re,r mNtb* kr; heY q;ek.

k;ekr Â&;b Ab' a;cr, sMpekR ibixê pyReb=k fet a;lI s;ehb ey tq* edn t;et xkuenr se^ t;r sbeceY ebix iml p;\Y; y;Y. Aidek xkun heCz xinr b;hnà esE kuckuec r°à tl;r idek dOiêà duinY;r en;'r; ijins pir:k;r \edr ktReb*r me/* Ab' sebR;pir dueYrE cir] heCz ixk;er n; enem wtir %;b;r s'g[h kr;. AE /re,r iml el;ks;iht*k;r b; el;kixLpIedr b;hn sMpekR ¤eL$;p;L$; isáÌ;eNt ¤_s;iht ker q;keb. mud[;r;=esr p[qm aeˆk bi,Rt esE pi$d;r iyin k;pe‹ a-;k; ym \ anucredr Ab' nrek p;pIedr x;iStr zib el;kek ed%;iCzl ik'b; ÚhWRc;retÛr ymp;i$k A-edr ibc;er cire]r imel b;hn pirbtRn aÂ;&;ibk nY. ik'b; cÁ; klem kur³e=e]r s_ as_eYr l‹;EeYr ey ed\Y;l ic]i$ a;ez t;r c;r/;er ajs[ k;k \ an*;n* p;i% bs;en;. Aet zibi$ eymn ymk;el; heYez etmin en;'r; pir:k;err pbRi$ AE ideY s;r; heYez. (Indian Mythology, veronica Ions P.122) A%;en ym b; mihW ic];ipRt hel t; n;Ndink idk eqek ]³i$ bel g,* ht. a;erki$ b*;p;rà xkuin a-;ket igeY b; m;i$ ideY t; g‹et igeY\ Amn ibpi¼ `$et p;er.

ymek mOt*ur se^ sm;qRk ker el;ks;iht*k;r ibSÎeY p[Xn kereznà
pOiqbIet a;ez ikb; a;XcyR Amn.
ekh t;er n;ih c;Y kiret g[h,.
ikNtu esE seb p;Y A ait a;XcyR.
bl edi% buiZ tb buiáÌr t;_pyR.
ÚmihWÛ xeÝr se^ a;p;t sÁNbÌyu¼² keYki$ Sq;enr n;mà ek;en; ek;en; j;itr n;m Et*;id eqek ek;en; sr;sir isáÌ;eNt a;s; n; egel\à ibWYi$ AE sUe] ¤ø;pn kr; eyet p;er. p[qemE epor;i,k ngrI m;ih:ÎtIr kq;. ydub'exr whhY x;%;r r;j/;nI izl AE m;ih:ÎtI. r;m;Ye, k;tRbIyR;jRuenr Ab' mh;&;retr nIl/Bejr r;j/;nI AE m;ih:ÎtI. ekoi$l* belezn whhYedr a;eg A%;en n;g b'x izl. m;ehXbrIedr b'ex;_pi¼\ yeqê rhs* jnk.

piXcm b;°l;Y m;ihW* j;itr n;mkre,r me/* mihW e$;e$emr ek;en; sMpkR a;ez ik n; t; %iteY ed%; eyet p;er. b*;p;ri$ ‡r³tBpU,R AE k;re, eyà emidnIpuerr mihW;dlà ndIY;r mihWb;q;n a÷l‡ilr me/* m;ihW* sMp[d;eYr in"seNdh s'%*;i/k*.

ek;n ek;n bOWk;e#r tOtIYSter k;ekr sm;ebx ed%; y;Y. ikNtu t;et ymr;ejr b;hn ihs;eb g,* kr;r ek;en; k;r, enE. AE k;k a;sel ympukur b[t eqek ¤e‹ Aesez. ± b[t p;lnk;rI ympukuerr piXcm`;$ s;j;n yq;½em k;kà iclà bkà h;°rà kumIr \ kCzepr mUitR ge‹.

At kq; ey mihWek ineY t;ek egorb d;n dUerr kq;à a;m;edr kq;b;tR;Y kd;k;r mUitRr jIbNt ¤pm; hl mihWà t;E e&;l; mYr; kib g;en belnà
em;eWr mt mun¿xIb;buà misr mt k;el;
p;n e%eY e#-;$ r;°;Y ech;r;%;n; &;l.

esojn* " an* inW;dà x;rdIY s'%*;à 1408.

. a;egr p;t; . \pr . perr p;t; .

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