|
mh;ibPlbI
r;sibh;ir bsu \ &;retr Sb;/Int;
p[bIr
ibk;x srk;r
Øel%k
" aitiq gebWkà irs;cR esN$;r fr m@;,R a*;ç
kne$eMp;r;ir S$;i@jà t;kuex;ku ibXbibd*;lYà j;p;n
&;retr Sb;/Int; ajRenr
ibgt p÷;x bzerr me/* ent;jI su&;W cNd[ bsuek ineY
yt%;in a;el;cn; heYez 
&;rtúb;'l;edxúj;p;enà t;r tuln;Y etmn ikzuE a;el;ict
hYin j;p;n p[b;sI duE ibPlbI r;sibh;ir bsu Ab' ehrMbl;l ‡Ë
sMpekR. tbu\ r;sibh;ir bsu m;eZ m;eZ iZilk idel\ ibSmre,r
atel tileY egezn ehrMbl;l ‡Ë. &;rtbWR tq; m;tO&Uimr
Sb;/Int;r jn* AE dujn ibPlbI ibedex eqek kI pirm;n pirx[m Ab'
em/; b*;Y kerezn ú t;r mUl*;Yn heYez kt%;in ?ú A p[Xn ¤ø;pn
kr;E eyet p;er.ik&;eb kI abSq;Y ek;n piriSqitet t-;edr
jIbn ait½;Nt heYezà j;p;n sh AixY;r an*;n* edx smUeh AE
Eith;s b;°;il ik'b; &;rtIYr; pe‹ezn ikn; j;in n;. yid
pe‹ q;ekn t;hel inXcYE t;r a;el;cn; htß t-;r; a;j ent;jIr
s;eq punRmUl*;Yenr a;el;Y ¤ã;ist heY ¤#etn. ikNtu du&R;g*jnk
hel\ st* ey esE l=, pirli=t heCz n;. teb piXcmbˆg r;ej*r
r;j/;nI ek;lk;t;Y r;sibh;r bsur Aki$ bOh_ mUitR r;j*
srk;r Sq;n kerezn be$à ikNtu t-;r jIbinith;s b;'l; &;W;Y
p[k;x kerezn bel j;n; enE. a;j t-;edr sh skl mh;n b;°;ilr
ibPlbIedr Eith;s skl [jeNmr m;nueWr j;n; p[eY;jn.
ibPlbI
r;sibh;ir bsur smk;lIn a;erkjn Sb;/Int;k;mI
r;jwnitk kmIR t;rkn;q d;s iyin ib[i$xú&;retr smY j;p;en
Aesizeln. a;emirk;Sq &;rtIY Sb;/Int;r jn* a;eNd;lnk;rI
&;rtIY p[b;sIedr s'Sq; g;d;r p;i$Rr s;eq s'yu¼² izeln.
prbtIRk;el em/;bI t;rkn;q kliMbY; ibXbibd*;leY a/*;pk
heYizeln. iátIY ibXbyueär pr j;p;en anuiët ¤eneSk;r Ak
s&;Y a;miN]t aitiq ihs;eb ¤piSqt heY ¤Cc keN# belizelnà
ÚÚj;p;enr a;tÎt*;egr i&i¼etE &;rtà bmR; \
EeNd;enixY;r Sb;/Int; aijRt heYizl.ÛÛ itin a;r\ belizelnà
ÚÚ ibPlbI r;sibh;ir bsur jIbnI ek;q;Y ? yid n; q;ekà
t;hel a;pn;r; il%unà a;im es$; &;rtIY &;W;Y anub;d
ker s;/;r, &;rtIyedr ‹et idet c;E.ÛÛ esE a;hB;en
s;‹; ideY r;sibh;ir bsur x;ºi‹ ek;eK; es;m; Ab' t-;r
edbr EY;su\ es;m; mh;ibPlbIr jIbnI ele%n Ab' g[Nq;k;er p[k;x
kern. j;p;in &;W;Y ili%t esE jIbnI @" t;rkn;q d;s
&;rtIY &;W;Y tjRm; kerizeln ikn; es ibWeY sMp[it
p[k;ixt Ø Ened; ed;kuir_su en; ixix et; ineh;jnijnÙ g[eNqr
el%k gebWk eY;ixt;ik h;r; mh;xY p[Xn tueleznà y; a;m;edr\
p[Xn. h;r; mh;xY a;r\ beleznà AE g[Nqi$ º/u r;sibh;ir bsur
b*;i¼²gt jIbenr k;ihnIE nYà j;p;n hs di=,úpUbR aixY;Y
s'`i$t &;rtIY Sb;/Int; a;eNd;lenr\ Eith;s. a;r\ bl; y;Yà
mh; AixY; yueär\ Aki$ ‡•tBpU,R dill. Eith;esr s;mig[k
idk eqek\ anusN/;enr p[eY;jnIYt; inedRx krez Ab' btRm;n
ep[iqet ‡•tBpU,R ibWY heCzà Akux xtek iniht
&;rtúj;p;n iáp;=IY sMpekRr p[kOt EitbO¼ ¤&Y
edexr n;girkedr á;r; punRb;r SbIkOt kr;en;.
anmnIY
¤g[ ibPlbI bel kiqt r;sibh;ir bsu &;rt t*;g
ker p;ileY j;p;en a;x[Y g[h, kern 1915 s;el.
j;p;en t%n t;Eex; yug Ab' t;Eex; 4 bzr. AEyueg j;p;en
±ith;isk Út;Eex; g,tN]Û p[itë;r eymn sUcn; heYezà etmin
j;tIYt;b;edr ¤ø;n\ `e$ez p[bl&;eb. &;rtbWRb*;pI
ib[i$x eSbt;^ x;senr ib•eä ‡Ë ibPlbIedr sxS] a;eNd;ln
\ a;½m, ej;rd;r hiCzl ½mx. mh;tÎ; g;N/Ià piçt eneh•à
p*;e$là itlkà xr_cNd[ bsuà su&;W bsuà ibebk;nNdà
rbINd[n;qà suerNd[n;q #;kurà suerNd[n;q beNd*;p;/;Yà ic¼r¢n
d;x p[mu% ib[i$x x;snà ex;W,à wbWm* \ at*;c;err ib•eä
es;Cc;r heYezn. j;tIYt;b;edr ¤ø;n `$;et rbINd[n;q ile%
celezn Ak$;r pr Ak$; ¤dIË p[bN/à kibt;ep[em a;Plut SbedxI
g;n. º/u rbINd[n;qE nnà biˆkmcNd[ ce|;p;/*;Yà rjnIk;Nt
esnà iáekNd[l;l r;Y\ r¼² ¤ql;en;à mn s÷;lk g;n Ak$;r
pr Ak$; rcn; kret l;geln. zi‹eY p‹et l;gl t; s;/;r,
m;nueWr me/* xhr g[;m p[t*Nt a÷l pyRNt. ek;k;tà !;k;à
c|g[;m sh b;'l; a÷elr p[;Y sbR] cleZ j;tIYt;b;di sxS]
ibPlbIedr eSbt;^ in/n Ab' aS]lu$. esE ibPlbIedr an*tm p[/;n
izeln r;sibh;ir bsu. AE ibPlbIedr izl xi¼x;lI `-;i$à
ey;g;ey;g Ab' ibSbSt entOtB. mui¼²k;mI s;/;r, m;nueWr
smRqn t-;edr kmRk;çek s;ibRk git ideYizl. &;retr an*;n*
a÷elr eceY b;'l; a÷el Sb;/Int;r a;eNd;ln Ab' sxS]
ibPlbIedr t_prt; izl at*Nt b*;pk \ p[cç. a;r sUcn;\ hy
A%;en.
AE ‡Ë ibPlbI aeNd;lenr
y;ek bl; heY q;ek Úb;'l;r aiGnyugÛà jn* `e$ b;'l;r nbj;gr,
sUcn;k;rI #;kur pirb;err sds* suerNd[n;q #;kuerr eporihet*
1902 s;el ÚanuxIln simitÛ g#enr m/* ideY. b;'l; tq; &;retr
p[qm AE ‡Ë simiti$r jNmpebR 
reYez jwnk j;p;in Úe`;r j;tIyt;b;dIÛr p[er;cn; Ab' si½Y
¤ed*;g. itin heCzn j;p;enr sbRjn
x[eäY mnIWI etnixn \k;kur; Øk;k;ej; \k;kur;Ù. itin
&;ret p[qm Aesizeln &iGn inebidt;r a;mN]e,. &iGn
inebidt;r s;eq izl suerNd[n;q #;kuerr ey;g;ey;g. inebidt;E
t;ek suerNd[n;eqr s;eq pircY kireY edn. g&Ir b;°;il
j;tIYt;b;ed ibXb;sI ipt;m;t; set*Nd[n;q #;kur \ +;nd;niNdnI
edbIr pirb;er 1872 s;el jNm suerNd[n;q ezelebl; eqekE izeln
Aker;%; Sb&;ebr Ab' eyoben ipt;m;t; z;‹;\ %uöt;t
rbINd[n;eqr p[&;b izl t;r ¤pr p[cç. eyobenr p[;rM&
eqekE wbPlibk a;dexRr
p[it itin Z-uekizeln. t-;r AE m;nsek sMpU,R&;eb p[eÕB;ilt
kern etnixn. t-;edr dujenr me/* g&Ir bN/uetBr sOiê hY
d[³t. etnixn y%nE klk;t; a;setnà suerNd[n;eqr b;i‹et
abSq;n kretn. t-;edr bN/utB \ icNt;&;bn; AmnE ibXbSt;r
pyR;eY ep-oezizl eyà etnixn t-;r ±ith*b;hI pirb;err Aki$
Útel;Y;rÛ suerNd[n;qek bN/uetBr p[tIk Sb–p ¤ph;r
ideYizeln. j;p;inr; y; k%en;E kern n;. etnixenr ¤ed*;egE
mUlt ibPlbIdelr p[itë; l;& ker. AE p[itë;enr s;eq t%n
prbtIRk;el aenk ib%*;t b*;i¼² ji‹t izeln si½Y&;eb.
eymnà ibebk;neNdr ez;$&;E Úyug;NtrÛ pi]k;r sMp;dk Ab'
&;retr aiGnyuegr puer;/; @ &UepNd[n;q d¼à p[mqn;q
im] Øip im]ÙÙà ic¼r¢n d;xà aribNd e`;Wà &iGn
inebidt; p[mU%. suerNd[n;q simitr ek;W;/*= inyu¼² heYizeln.
itin ibPlbIedr s;eq inYimt ey;g;ey;g r;%etn Ab' aqR ey;g;n
idetn. p[eY;jen aeS]r\ b*bSq; kretn bel j;n; y;Y. #;kur
b;i‹et\ ibPlbIr; a;s;y;\Y; kretn bel abnINd[n;q #;kuerr
ed[oih]à suel%k em;hnl;l geˆg;p;/*;eYr el%;Y reYez. itin
a;r\ beleznà suerNd[n;q ibPlbIedrek ggenNd[n;eqr k;ez ineY
a;setn. b;rIn e`;W Aeseznà ¤ö;s kr Aeseznà %ub sM&bt
r;sibh;ir bsu \ aribNd e`;W\ Aesezn. a;Nd;m;en áIp;Ntirt
heYizeln y-;r;à t-;edr p[;Y skelrE ey;g;ey;g izl suerNd[n;q
\ ggenNd[n;eqr s;eq. /;r,; kr; y;Y etnixenr s;eq ai/k;'x
ibPlbIedr p[t*= s;=;_ `e$ q;keb ej;‹;s-;ek;r #;kurb;i‹et.
r;sibh;irà ehrMbl;l ‡Ë t-;edr me/* an*tm. j;p;in
kl;ixeLpr t_k;lIn p[/;n pOëep;Wk ixLpIà ixLpkl;r Eith;sibd
\ p[;c*b;dI icNtk etnixn \k;kur;r p[&;b z;‹;\ t%n b;°;il
ibPlbIedr SbedxI a;eNd;len a;r\ anup[;i,t ker 1905 s;el
s'`i$t •xúj;p;n yueä j;p;inedr ibjY. bl; heY q;ek eyà
AE yuä s'`$enr ipzen t_k;lIn j;p;enr at*Nt p[&;bx;lI
b*;i¼²tBr p[&;b \ p[er;cn; k;j kerez. itin im_su•
et;Y;m;à e`;r j;tIYt;b;dIà g,mui¼² a;eNd;lenr puer;/; Ab'
ek;Y;x;à egneY;x; p[&Oit ‡Ë ibPlbIdelr p[itë;t;à
pOëep;Wk Ab' AixY;b;dI Øp*;núAixY;inêÙ iyin j;p;en
r;sibh;ir bsuà ehrMbl;l ‡Ëà cIenr wbPlibk a;eNd;lenr
j;tIYt;b;dI ent; sun \eYn Ø1866ú1925Ù p[mUe%r a;x[Yd;t;r
p[/;n ±ith;isk &Uimk; p;ln kerizeln. y;eh;k ibeXb AE
p[qm yuäb;j eSbt;^edrek yueä pr;ijt kerizl AixY;rE Ak s'kr
j;tIr edx j;p;n ú y; r;jnIit sectn b;°;il tq; &;rtIYedrek
j;p;enr idek a;kOê kret ¤áuä kerizl p[cç&;eb.
in"seNdeh r;sibh;ir bsu\ esE&;ebE anup[;i,t
heYizeln. prbtIRk;el e$;ikeY; heY ¤e#izl &;rtIY Sb;/Int;
a;eNd;lenr p[/;n pirc;ln; ekNd[. &;retr an*;n* ey ek;en;
Sh;enr eceY b;'l; a÷el sxS] ibPlbIedr t_prt;r k;re, s;m[;j*b;dI
ib[i$x x;skr; 1905 s;el b;'l; a÷lek duÛ&;eg ib&¼²
kr;r p[s;d W‹yN] kerizlà ikNtu es$; s;qRk het p;erin b;°;ilr
j;tIYt;b;dI ±k*bät;r k;re,.
ibp«bI r;sibh;rI bsu
j;p;en Aesizeln ik&;eb es sMpekR in&Rrey;g*
tq* j;n; y;eCz n;. suSpê&;eb ek;q;\ t; bi,Rt hYin. Amn
ik Âili%t ibp®bIúkmRk;ç i&i¼k ØesEenn a;ijY; en;
ex;¤ir=t•,
AixY;r jYÙ gÓeNh\ itin AE ibWeY ek;n  Ei^t
pÓd;n kernin. º/u j;n; y;Y pirkiLpt l;eh;er g;@Rs s;ehbek
eb;m; ine=ep b*qR h\Y;r pr dÓ²t itin &;rt t*;egr isÊ;Nt
gÓh, kern. AE `$n;Y egÓË;rkOt r;sibh;ir bsur Ak;Nt anugt
ixW* bsNt kum;r ibXb;esr f-;is hl p;¢;ebr ejel 1915 s;elr
11E em t;ire%r exW r;et. Øamr xhId bsNt/
@. em;hnk;lI
ibXb;sÙ. idöI \ l;eh;r `$n;r mUl pirkLpk ey r;sibh;ir bsu
izeln t; f-;s heY y;Y egÓË;rkOt ibp®bI dInn;q tel;Y;err
ÂIk;er;i¼²et. puilx r;sibh;irek egÓË;r kr;r ecê; c;l;Y
ikNtu b*qR heY Ak m;ml; d;i%l ker y; ÚidöI W‹yN] m;ml;Û
n;em pirict. bOi$x pÓx;sn r;sibh;irek /ireY edb;r jn*
el;&nIY a'ekr pur¦;r e`;W,; ker. y;r pirm;, 16000 –pI.
ÚÚbsNt kum;err f-;sIr 48 `N$;r me/* r;sibh;ir j;p;enr ¤eâex*
&;rt t*;g kern.ÛÛ j;p;en pl;tk r;sibh;ir sh a;erk jn
ibp®bIr n;m j;n; y;Y y;r abd;n\ a;edo km nY itin eherÁ l;l
‡Ë. t-;r se^ ek;q;Y ik&;eb pircY heYizl es sMpekR tq*
p;\Y; y;eCz n;. teb dujen j;p;en Ak s;eq j;h;ej ker Aes enem
izeln ek;eb bNder eb;Z; y;Y. j;p;en a;s;r a;eg itin Ak eg;pn
s&;Y ¤eö% kerezn ÚÚAk Ak ker aenekE bihRibeXb p;ileY
y;\Y;r ecê; krez t;edr me/* Akjn j;p;en y;\Y;r i$ik$
bhnk;rI\ izlÛÛ ú AE b*i¼² eherÁ l;l ikn; si#k ker bl;
n; egel\ seNdh dUrI&Ut hY n;.
j;p;enr ek;eb bNder ep-oez ik&;eb t-;r; r;j/;nI e$;ikeY;
pyRNt Aeln Ab' e$;ik\Sh a;j;bu xher abSh;n kern. aj;n;à
apirict e$;ikeY; xher Aes ¤piSht h\Y;r ibWeY pÓb;sI &;rtIY
ek¤ b; k;r; t-;edr shey;igt; kerizelnà ikNtu k;r; es
sMpekR\ ikzu sN/;n p;\Y; y;eCz n;. A%;en AesE
t-;r; t-;edr k;yR½m ab*;ht r;e%n eg;pen Âedexr mui¼²
a;eNd;lenr. 1915 s;elrE ne&Ár m;esr 7 t;ire% \eYen;
xher j;p;nú&;rt mt ibinmY anuë;enr a;eY;jn kr; hel
bOi$x srk;r ÚsxS] ibp®b pirkLpn;k;rIÛ bsu Ab' a;erkjn Â;/Int;
a;eNd;lnk;rIek edxt*;eg Øj;p;n t*;egrÙ jn* j;p;n srk;rek
anuer;/ ker. j;p;n srk;r AE anuer;/ gÓh, ker i@esÁr m;esr
12 t;ire%r me/* j;p;n t*;egr inedRx edY. bsu perr idn et;Y;m;
im_surr s;eq imilt heY t-;r s;h;y* pÓ;qRn; kern. t%n j;p;en
pl;tk cIn; j;tIYt;b;dI sun \eYenr m;/*em r;sibh;ir bsu
et;Y;m;r s;eq s;=;_ kret s=m hn. sun \eYenr s;eq bsu ek;q;Y
k%n ik&;eb pirict t;r\ s'b;d j;n; y;eCz n;. teb ‡Ë aS]
srbr;h sMpikRt k;ej esn izeln isÊhSt. s;'h;E eqek itin sÅbt"
&;ret &;rtIY ibp®bIedr aS] srbr;h ker q;kebn. t-;r
s;eq t_k;lIn &;rtIY ÂedxI a;eNd;lnk;rI entObOeNdr sMpkR
izl. esE sU] /er r;sibh;ir s;nEY;_ esn sMpekR &;el; ker
j;netnà sÅbt" ‡Ë aS]à eg;l;b;•edr ibWeY
ey;g;ey;g r=; ker q;ket p;ern j;p;n a;gmenr pUebR. k;ejE
j;p;en Aes\ itin s;nEY;_ esenr s;eq s;=;_ kerizeln bel men
kr; eyet p;er.
et;Y;m; im_su• apirict &;rtIY
ibp®bI r;sibh;ir bsuek ÚÚbueZiz. yt$uku s=m krbÛÛ bel
¤¼r ideln. et;Y;m; bsur a;ebden smÎit j;n;eln ikNtu s;h;y*úshey;igt;
ibWeY Spê ek;n /;r,; ideln n;. luikeY luikeY rEeln
r;sibh;ir ibi&µ Sh;en.
i@esÁr m;s Aes p‹l. AE m;esr pÓqm
idnE sk;el e$;ikeY;Sh ixnjuku xher abiSht j;p;enr suib%*;t
n;k;mur;EY; b*bs; pÓitë;en inYimt %eâredr Akjn Aeln iyin
et;Y;m;r pirict. kq;Czel blelnà et;Y;m; %ubE ibped pe‹ezn.
j;p;n srk;r ktORk r;sibh;ir bsur j;p;n t*;egr a;edexr kq;\
bleln. AE kq; ºen et;Y;m;r &¼² ¤¼² pÓitë;enr
m;ilk a;Eej; es;m; blelnà br' a;m;r Sh;ni$ yid pzNd hY
A%;en luikeY q;kel úúúúúú. AE kq;i$E et;Y;m;r k;en
igeY tuleln ¤¼² %eâr y;r n;m n;k;mur; t;s;ku. et;Y;m;
r;sibh;irr a;ebdn ex;n;r pr duiXcNt;Y pe‹izeln ek;q;Y ik&;eb
t;ek r=; kr; y;Y. n;k;mur;Y;r m;ilk y%n ÂY' AE a;Xb;s
ideYezn es$; luef ineY esE idnE r;sibh;ir bsu \ eherÁ l;l
‡eËr ibpd eqek ¤Ê;err pirkLpn; gOhIt hl. erEn;ns;k;Y
et;Y;m;r b;i‹et ‡Ë s'Sh; egneY;x;Ûr h;nsuek etiken;à
¤icd; ireY;ehE pÓmu% 20 jn imilt heln. sN/*;ebl; et;etn
imY;j;ik r;sibh;irek ineY es%;en Aeln. b;Eer puilx g;i‹et
iniXceNt `umueCz. r;] nY$;r idek et;Y;m;r a;l%;ö; g;eY
ci‹eYà $uip ec;e%r inc pyRNt n;imeY j;p;in ebx /er r;µ;`err
drj; epireY epzn idk ideY p;exr @" etr;\ et;\•úr b;i‹
gileY b‹ r;St;Y aep=;rt ixegm;• suigY;m;r g;i‹et bsur;
c;rjn ce‹ bseln. c;rjn %ub dÓ²t ed;k;n beN/r i#k smeY ¤piSht
heln. abixê;'x keYkjn %eâredr p;x e`-eW pÓitë;enr i&ter
imileY egeln t-;r;. t-;edr edhr=I iheseb se^ izeln jued;
e%el;Y;‹ E_suk;n imY;k\Y;.
n;k;mur;YÛ ed;k;núb;i‹i$r epzen p;Xc;t* nkx;r Aki$ injRn
&utue‹ &bn izl AE b;i‹i$ es;m; pirb;r ekn;r pÓqm
eqekE. es$;ek a*;$¿ily;r (Atelier)
iheseb b*bh;r kretn. es$;r
iátel ibp®bI dujenr eg;pn a;xÓY iniXct hl. esE smY t-;edr
jn* AE a;xÓYi$ izl aenk%;in inr;pd. eknn; pÓqmt" AE
idk$;Y el;kjenr %ub Ak$; a;s; y;\Y; izl n;. iátIYt"
t_k;lIn e$;ikeY;r ixnjuku xher abiSht b*bs; pÓitë;n iheseb
n;k;mur;Y;r Aki$ a;Ntj;itRk pirict izl. ibedxIr; º/u %eârE
izeln n;à Ún;k;mur;Y; esel;nÛ n;mk s'¦OitccR; ekNdÓ ge‹
\e#izl pÓitë;enr e&ter. pÓitë;enr k,R/;r a;Eej; es;m;
\ S]I ek;eK; es;m; dujenE s'¦Oitmn¦ b*i¼²tB iheseb ibexW
pirict izeln j;p;en. esel;en t_k;lIn %*;itm;n ixLpIà s;ihit*kr;
ji‹t izeln. ibedxIr;\ izeln eymn es;i&eYt r;ixY; eqek
p;iley a;s; j;p;en a;xÓY gÓh,k;rI aN/ kib &;isil
Aer;exnek;. k;ejE pÓitë;ni$r s;eq ibedxIedr y;\Y;a;s; \
sMpkR q;k;r k;re, kmRrt kmRc;rIr;\ pÓqm idek /;r,; kret
p;ernin ey &benr epzen dujn pl;tk &;rtIY bsb;s krezn.
per abx* t; j;n;j;in h\Y;r a;&;s p;\Y; m;] stkR ek;eK;
es;m; ed;k;enr sklek `$n; %uel beln Ab' s;b/;nt; ablÁn kret
anuer;/ kern. kmRc;rIr; t-;r kq;Y AtE muÔ hn ey aenekE pÓtI+;
kern ¤¼² dujn &;rtIY edxepÓimkek jIbn ideY hel\ r=;
krebn.
t;rpr\ sMp,R iniXcNt \ Â;&;ibk&;eb
k;l;itp;t kret p;ernin r;sibh;ir bsu \ eherÁ l;l ‡Ë. ke=
n; izl r;µ;`rà S©;n`r. xIet inmRm #;ç; et; izlE. tbu
AEsb sh* ker A%;en eqekE t-;r; t-;edr kmRk;ç c;ileY eyet
l;geln. t-;edr sbeceY `inë heY ¤e#izeln ek;eK; es;m;. itin
t-;edr sb rkemr ed%&;l kretn. em;$;mui$ E'erij itin
buZet \ blet p;retn. k;ejE &;W;gt ey;g;ey;eg etmn asuib/;Y
p‹et hYin. t;rpr\ tq*;id a;d;n pÓd;enr e=e] dUt \ anub;dk
iheseb es;m; pirb;err ej*ëkn*; et;ixek; es;m; shey;igt;
krizl. es t%n ¤Ccibd*;leYr z;]I.
A%;en m;s itenk k;$;en;r pr aiShr
eherÁ l;l ‡Ë r;sibh;ir bsur s;eq r;g;r;ig ker n;k;mur;Y;
eze‹ a;emirk;r peq p;i‹ jm;eln. r;sibh;ir Ak; heY egel\
A%;n eqek n‹eln n;. Ak smY es;m; dMpitek itin b;b; m; bel
seÁ;/n kret l;geln. ½mx" a;r\ `inë heY ¤#eln AE
pirb;err skl sds*edr s;eq. Ak;tÎ heY imex egeln t-;edr
me/*. Az;‹; t-;r pe= a;r ek;n pq e%;l; izl n; y; itin gÓh,
kret p;retn. m;q;r \pr t%en; Zulez t-;r m;q;r mUl* iheseb ibÓi$x
srk;err e`;iWt ibr;$ aeér pur¦;rÞ a;r j;p;en t-;r mUl
r;jwnitk a;xÓYd;t; im_su• et;Y;m; izeln es;m; pirb;err `inëtm
‡•jn. t-;r k;z;k;iz q;k; ibh;ir bsur jn*\ izl at*Nt j•irú
eknn; ey ek;n ibpdúa;ped n;k;mur;Y; eqek t-;r b;i‹et a;xÓY
l;& kr; shj izl. abx* et;Y;m; inYimt t-;r ixW* \ &¼²edr
s;eq ineY n;k;mur;Y;et a;s;y;\Y; kren. &;retr Â;/Int;r
ibWeY A%;enE t-;edr me/* ‡Ë a;el;cn;à pirkLpn; ht.
r;sibh;irr\ a;eg j;p;en a;gt an*;n* &;rtIy Â;/Int;
a;eNd;lenr s;eq ji‹t ibp®bI kmIRr;\ A%;en imilt hetn. fel
½em ½em n;k;mur; heY ¤#l &;retr Â;/Int; s'gÓ;emr
c;ilk;xi¼²r mUlekNdÓ.
A&;eb ikzuidn cel y;\Y;r pr j;p;n srk;r j;net p;reln ey
pl;tk dujn &;rtIY sxS] ibp®bIr  Akjn
ixnjuku xherr n;k;mur;Y;r a&*Nter a;tÎeg;pn ker a;ezn.
ktORp= t-;r gitibi/r \pr ‡Ëcr l;igeY ideln. ikNtu shs;
t-;ek egÓË;r kr;r s;hs puilx pÓx;sn ed%;et p;erin Akm;]
r;jwnitk ‡Ësimit ÚegneY;x;Ûr pÓ/;n pÓ&;bx;lI ent;
im_su• et;Y;m; izeln t-;r mUl r=k bel. teb piriShit y%n ½em
pÓitkUl heY ¤#l r;sibh;irek r=; kr;r jn* s'ixê skelE
iciNtt heY p‹eln. sbeceY ebix duiXcNt;gÓSt heY p‹eln
et;Y;m;. t-;ek luikeY r;%;r met; Aki$ b;i‹\ %-uej ed%;r jn*.
fel a;r\ ej;r tdNt º• ker puilx t-;r ‡Ë abSh;n anusN/;en.
ey%;enE g; !;k; ideY q;kun n; ekn puilx dÓ²t t; j;net eper
h;ml; c;l;et q;ek. ikNtu t;r a;egE ai&+ r;sibh;ir es%;n
eqek ser pe‹n. AE&;eb e$;ikeY;et y%n luikeY q;k; at*Nt
ibpdjnk heY ¤#l t%n Akidn a;Eej; es;m; t-;ek j;p;in ep;x;ek
s;ijeY e$;ikeY;r eqek dUer Eb;r;ik ejl;r Ak ejeledr gÓ;em
ineY y;n. ikNtu puilx erleí$xenr kmRktR;r k;ez &;s;
&;s; tq* s'gÓh ker /;r,; krl r;sibh;ir Eb;r;ik ejl;Y
cel eyet p;ern. puilx zu$l esidek. AE s'b;d epeY a;Eej;
es%;n eqek a;b;r pl;Yenr isÊ;Nt ineln. Ab;r e$Óen n; ce‹
$*;i„ &;‹; ker r;sibh;irek ineY ibi&µ pq `uer
punr;Y e$;ikeY; Aes pirict Ak b;i‹et t-;ek luikeY r;e%n.
ikNtu AE&;eb t-;ek a;r ktidn
luikeY r;%; y;eb e&eb kelE ht;x heY p‹elnà t%n im_su•
et;Y;m; Aki$ pÓSt;b ideln es;m; pirb;err k;ez. a;r t;hl t-;edr
b‹ emeY et;ixek;r s;eq r;sibh;irr ibb;h ed\Y;. A z;‹;
a;r ek;n pq e%;l; enE. akSÎ;_ AE pÓSt;eb es;m; pirb;r
mh;s'ke$ pe‹n. eknn; A$; t-;r; Âep«\ kLpn; kernin.
ainCz;setB\ t-;r; dujen r;ij heln. ikNtu kn*; et;ixek;ek kI&;eb
bl; y;eb AE smeYà es m;] ¤Ccibd*;lY ¤¼I,R heYez. t;r
&ibW*_ s;men pe‹ a;ez. A%nE ibb;h kr;$; ik i#k heb?
tbu es;m; ek;eK; s;hs ker emeYek ibWYi$ %uel beln Ab' t;r
mt;mt j;net c;n.
et;ixek; keYkidn smY ineY aenk
e&ebiceNt ‡•jn et;Y;m;r pÓSt;eb r;ij hl ainCz;setB\.
es t;r men;&;b b*¼² ker bll" &;rtIY ibp®bI
edxepÓimk ibh;ir bsur Âp« b;Stb;Yenr jn* a;m;ek t-;r
k;ezE eyet d;\. abx* pirb;err ek¤ ek¤ sr;sir AE ibeYet
a;pi¼ j;ineYizeln. et;ixek;ek r;ij het ineW/ kerizeln.
es;m; pirb;err aenekE j;netn ey
et;ixek; Akjnek pzNd kret; Ab' t;ek &;el;elegizl
wkex;erE. t;r &;el;l;g;r m;nuWi$ n;k;mur;Y;r a&*NterE
absh;n krizl. es n;k;mur; _suen n;m«I pÓit&;b;n Ak
t•, ic]ixLpI. dujenr `inët; Amn pyR;eY cel igeYizl ey _suen
et;ixek;ek me@l ker keYki$ zib\ A-ekizl t;r. t;r me/* ¤nÎu¼²
edhsbRÂ ic]kmR\ izl. y; es;m; dMpi¼r dOiêeg;cr hY Ab'
t-;r; Aet pÓcç asNtuiê pÓk;x kern. emeYek s;b/;n ker edn
eyn _suenek a;r pÓxÓY n; ed\Y; hY. Ar pÓ/;n k;r, _suenr
izl Ak ki#n asu%úy=;. a;Eej; es;m; Akidn _suenek t;r asue%r
kq; Smr, kireY idel es A b;i‹ eze‹ cel y;Y. t;rper\
Akidn h#;_ ker ¤piSht heY c‹; gl;Y et;ixk;ek ibeY kr;r
EeCz pÓk;x kerizl. ikNtu t;et fl ikzuE hYin. `$n;r A%;enE
sm;iË `e$. ax* AE `$n; ey r;sibh;ir j;netn t; bl;E b;Ÿl*.
n;k;mur; _suenr s;eq ibiCzµt;
et;ixek;ek eymn du"% ideYizl etmin r;sibh;irr s;eq ibeY
h\Y;r pr Â;&;ibk su%\ t;r jn* h;r;m heY igeyizl. t;r
jIbn r;sibh;ir tq; &;retr Â;/Int;r jn*E ¤_sgR kret
heYizl.
1918 s;elr em m;esr m;Z;m;iZ Akidn
et;Y;m;r b;i‹et ibb;h anuë;enr a;eY;jn kr; heYizl.
r;sibh;irr bYs t%n 32 bzr. a;r et;ixek; t%n 20. ikNtu ibexW
asuib/;r k;re, t;ir% ipizeY jul;E m;esr 9 t;ir% ibb;hanuë;n
sMpµ hY. ibeYr pr nbdMpit Xbºr;leY inr;p¼;hInt;r k;re,
bsb;s kret p;ernin. ibeYr pr br' t-;ek pirb;rsh n;n; j;Yg;Y
keYkm;s aNtr aNtr b;s; bdl ker d;Mpt*jIbn aitb;iht kret hy.
ibb;hpU,R jIbenr eceY ibb;eh;¼r jIbn t-;r jn* a;r\ ebix kêkr
heY \e#izl. eknn; t%n eY;er;ep pÓqm mh;yuÊ clez. j;p;en
r;sibh;rIr º/u &;rtIY ibp®bI ihesebE pirict izeln n;à
ibÓi$x srk;r t;ek x]²p= j;mR;nIr ‡Ëcr iheseb\ pÓc;r
kerizl Ab' im]xi¼² iheseb j;p;enr srk;rek c;p pÓeY;g
krizl y ek;n ¤p;eY t-;ek /ireY edY;r jn*. ikNtu srk;err pe=
t-;ek egÓË;r kr; shj izl n;. teb hn* heY ‡Ë puilx b;r
n;m bdl ker 17 b;r b;s; bdl kr;r kq; t-;r x;ºi‹ ek;eK;
es;m;r inejr el%; a;tÎjIbnIet p;\Y; y;Y.
abx* ibeYr 4 m;s pr r;sibh;irr
jIben h#;_ sUeyRr Zlk Aes pe‹. 1918 s;elr ne&Ár m;es
dI`R 4 bzr 3 m;s pr yuÊr pirsm;iË `e$ &;sR;E x;iNt cui¼²
sMp;denr m/* ideY. r;sibh;irr ¤pr eqek j;p;n srk;r egÓË;ir
per;Y;n; tuel enY. itin AE pÓqm mui¼²r in"Xb;s efeln
j;p;enr buek. a;r AE pÓqm es;m; dMpi¼r ec;e%mue% ÂiStr
a;&;s ed%; edY. AE pÓqmb;r r;sibh;irr x;ºi‹ ek;eK;
es;m; &;rmu¼² mn ineY ibh;ir bsu \ et;ixek;r gOh;leY pÓebx
kern. esE gOh;lY Amn Ak apirict Sh;en g;zg;z;ilet a;Cz;idt
izl ey b;Eerr a;el; es%;en pÓebx kr; eyn izl Aekb;erE iniWÊ.
aN/k;r s-*;ts-*;et apirsr esE gOeh pÓebx ker a;derr dul;lI
bi,kúkn*; et;ixek;r durbSh; ede% axÓ²bWR, kern ek;eK;
es;m;. tq;ip ibh;ir bsur s'k$mY smeYr pdR; ¤e¼;ln h\Y;Y
a;XbSt heln be$à ikNtu et;ixek;r x;rIirk abSh; ede% qmek
egeln. eknn; ttiden a;erk s'k$ jNm ineYez et;ixek;r buekr
me/*.
aibr;m pl;Ynpr jIbenr p;l;bdlà aiShrt;à duiXcNt;à inr;p¼;hInt;r
i&tr ideY keYki$ m;s k;$;et heYez ibh;ir bsu \
et;ixek;ek. AE piriShitr me/*E r;sibh;ir ak®;Nt&;eb
jIibk; ajRnà Âedxr Â;/Int;r le=* k;j ker egezn. aS] \ aqR
s'gÓhr ‡Ë t_pr;Y b*St smY k;i$eYeznß yuigeYez Âdex
a;eNd;lnrt stIqR ibp®bIedrek apiremY s;hsà epÓr,;. an*idk
b;Eer y%n Â;mI b*St t%n et;ixek; ezelemeY ineY nIreb ihmixm
e%eYezn s's;err k;ej. mu% fue$ ek;nidn Â;mIek k$U kq; bl;
b; t-;r k;ejr sm;el;cn; kernin. br' nIreb xÓÊ;r s;eq
ibh;ir bsur kmRk;eç smqRn Ab' shey;igt; ker egezn. At b‹
/nI `err dul;lI heY\ aiShr ainiXct jIbnek h;ismu% emen
ineYizeln. ibeYr pr 4 i$ m;s eg;pn bsb;esr fel t;r pe=
sUeyRr mu% ed%; sÅbpr heY \e#in. fel dI`Ridn #;ç; \
jBrj;iret &uegezn. AE ¤psgR eqek a;½;Nt heYizeln
dur;er;g* y=;er;eg. m;] 26 bzr bYes 1925 s;elr m;cR m;es
dui$ sNt;n ab' ipÓY&;jn Â;mIek ere% ÂgR;el;ek y;];
kern. an*idek ibb;h;nuë;enr 6 m;s per el;kmue% r$n;r m;/*em
n;k;mur; _suen j;net p;ern ey et;ixek;r ibeY heYez n;k;mur;Y
eg;pen a;ixÓt esE %*;itm;n &;rtIY ibp®bIà edxepÓimk
r;sibh;ir bsur s;eq. an*idek _suen y=;er;eg dI`Ridn &ueg
et;ixek;r Ak bzr a;eg 1924 s;el mOtu* br, kern.
et;ixek;r AE apÓt*;ixt mOtu* eb;m; es;m;
dMpi¼r jIben akq* ex;k beY a;en. jnnI iheseb ek;eK; es;m;r
Akb;r men heYezà emeYek eyn eÂCz;Y inejr h;et jel &;iseY
ideln icrter. ikNtu per t; pirbitRt hY r;sibh;irr mue%
et;ixek; sMpekR t-;r menr anu&Uit j;net eper.
r;sibh;ir bsu kI pÓc¹ m;nisk a;`;t
epeYezn t; hYet; itin z;‹; a;r ek¤ anu&b kret p;ernin
es smY. eknn; et;ixek; º/u t-;r ipÓYtm; sh/imR,I izeln n;à
izeln Ak;/;er t-;r Âep«r &;gI/;r Ak;Nt sicb. ipÓYtm;
S]Ir mOtu*r pr buekr me/* inrN/Ó in"s^t; ineY\ edexr
jn* itin aibr;m k;j ker egezn. t-;r m;tOh;r; dui$ sNt;nà
ezel m;s;ihed t%n m;/*imk ibd*;leYr ctuqR exÓ,Ir z;] \ emeY
et_suk; iátIY exÓ,Ir z;]I. t;r; es;m; dMpi¼r k;ez m;nuW
het q;ek. pÓit ribb;r t-;edr s;eq ineY r;sibh;irr b;i‹et
eyetn ek;eK; es;m;. xt b*Stt;r me/*\ itin sNt;nedr s;eq
s;=;_ kr;r jn* aep=; kretn. inejr h;et r;µ; ker %;\Y;etn.
Akidn ek;eK; es;m; bsuek anuer;/ kreln a;b;r ntun ker s's;r
ge‹ et;l;r jn*. r;sibh;irr s;eq ibeYr jn* a;gÓhI izeln
keYkjn mihl;. t-;edr me/* sù;Nt `err suixi=t n;rI\ izeln.
ikNtu x;ºi‹r kq; ºen h;seln itin. blelnà AE bYes ntun
ek;n n;rIek gÓh, kr; a;m;r jn* ebdn;d;Yk. eknn; et;ixek;r pÓit
a;m;r ey anu&Uit t; an* n;rIr pÓit anu–p heb Amni$
&;ib n;. t;z;‹; a;pn;edr met; m; b;b;ek t*;g ker an*jnek
a;x; kir n;. a;m;r inejr xrIr m;tO&Uimr jn* ¤_sigRtà pÓ;,$;
inejr bel men kir n; esE e=e] º/um;] b-;c;r ablÁn iheseb
punr;Y ibeY kr;r EeCz enE.
AE ¤¼r ºen ek;eK; es;m; axÓ²jel
is¼² heY ÂgRt; et;ixek;r ¤eâex men men blelnà kI eso&;g*
et;ixek;r Amn Â;mI epeYizl esÞ a;r ek;nidn itin A pÓse^
r;sibh;irek ikzu belnin. bsu\ ÂgRt; et;ixek;r SÎOit ibSÎOt
hnin mOtu* pyRNt. et;ixek;\ ey pUebRr SÎOit ibSÎOt heY
r;sibh;irek sit*E hdY ideY anu&b kerizelnà &;el;b;set
eperizeln t;r pÓm;, ideYezn Â;mIek. esE kq; j;n; y;Y
r;sibh;irr ili%t \ pi]k;Nter pÓk;ixt Ak SÎOitkq;Y. m;] 7/8
bzerr ÂLp;Yu d;Mpt* jIben t-;r; ey su%I izeln t; ÂIk;r
kerezn bsu t-;r ¤¼² el%;Y. mOtu* pyRNt es;m; pirb;err
s;eq t-;r sMpkR izl aibiCzµ. S]Ir mOtu*r perr bzr 1926 s;el;
n;k;mur;Y;r iátel Aki$ ke= erí$uerN$ pÓitiët ker es%;en
&;rtIY %;b;r tq; Ei¹Y;n k;irr pÓcln kern. y; a;j\ c;lu
reYez Ab' t-;r n;m SÎirt heCz.
mh;ibp®bI r;sibh;ir bsu j;p;n \ &;ret in"seNdeh xÓÊ;&;jn
%*;itm;n ±ith;isk b*i¼²tB. ikNtu t-;r n;emr s;eq ji‹t
S]I et;ixek; b; es;m; pirb;err kq; &;rtIYr; g&Ir&;eb
j;enn bel men hY n;. Akjn i&nedxI ibp®bI edxepÓimekr
a;jIbn l;ilt Âp« b;Stb;Yenr jn* Akjn ibedxI n;rIr t•,
jIbn ¤_sgR kr;r ey mh;n Eith;s et;ixek; es;m; sOiê ker
egezn t;r kt%;in mUl*;Yn heYez es$; Aki$ a;ht pÓx« heY
a;ez &;retr Â;/Int; ajRenr 50 bzr per\. Â;/In &;rt
ik pÓd;n kerez ek;n sMm;n n;k;mur;Y;r es;m; pirb;err bsur pÓit
t-;edr shmimRt;r jn*? &;rtIy Â;/Int; s'gÓ;emr a;‡nek
pÓÕBilt ker ere%izl iátIY mh;yuÊ pyRNt AE n;k;mur;Y;úpr;/In
&;retr amUl* mui¼²r Âep«r s;eq inejek Ak;tÎ ker
ideY. t; ik SÎr, kern a;jekr &;retr &;g*ib/;t;r; ?
eb;/ hY n;.
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