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ixLpkl;r
$uker; kq; |
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pÓs^ " a;tÎpÓitkOit shj b*;%*;Y a;tÎpÓitkOit hl ek;n\ ixLpIr g‹; t-;r inejr abYb. Ar ajsÓ nijr reYez ixLpkl;r Eith;es. ibeXbr t;b_ bStu \ `$n;r p;x;p;ix ixLpI ey inejek\ t-;r kOiêr ibWY kr;r kq; &;bebn t;et a;j a;r ek¤ ibiSÎt h\Y;r ek;n\ k;r, p;ebn n;. ikNtu A%;enE Aes pe‹ Ak$; j•rI pÓx«" i#k ek;n¿ ixLpkl;r Eith;es p;\Y; y;Y a;tÎpÓitkOitr dOê;Nt? piXcmI x;senr a;eg &;rt b; AixY;r an*;n* s&*t;Y k$; a;tÎpÓitkOitr ¤d;hr, emel? p;\Y; y;Y ik a;if[k;r sn;tnI &;SkeyR ek;n &;Skerr inejr p[itkOit? b; p[;cIn imxerr ixeLp? Amn ik E¤er;epr m/*yuegE ik emel Ar nmun;? a;sel a;tÎpÓitkOitr b*;p;r$; at srl nY a;edo. ixelpr ibWY iheseb Ar reYez Ak g&Ir t;_pyRà n;i‹r ey;g reYez E¤er;epr nbj;gr,p[sUt b*i¼²b;edr se^. ey sb s&*t;Y E¤er;epr se^ a;l;p h\Y;r a;eg piXcmI /-;ecr b*i¼²b;edr aiSttB izl n;à t;edr prMpr;Y a;tÎpÓitkOitr dOê;Nt n; eml;rE kq;. ikNtu gt keYk xt;ÝI jue‹ jIbenr n;n; Ster piXcemr se^ b;ik duinY;r ey ji$l a;d;npÓd;n celezà y;r Ak$; b‹ a'x jue‹ reYez atIet œpinebixk \ btRm;en ibXb;Yenr ibic] ai&+t;à t;rE aenk pir,itr Ak$; hl an*edr \pr =mt;x;lI piXcemr b*i¼²b;dI mUl*;eb;e/r pÓ&;b. aúpiXcmI sm;ejr a;/uink ixLpIedr me/* AE pÓ&;ebrE bih"pÓk;x `e$ a;tÎpÓitkOit g‹;r t;iged. teb a;tÎpÓitkOitr\ a;egà ixLpIr n;m sEeYr me/*E izl b*i¼²b;edr pÓqm pircYà y;r pÓ;cIntm dOê;Nt emel gÓIk s&*t;Yà %OêpUbR 600 eqek 480úr me/*k;r pÓ;k/Ó²pd ØArchaic)yueg. Ae„ikY;sà E¤efÓ;inY;sà E¤iqime@s pÓ&Oit ixLpIr Â;=r p;\Y; y;Y l;lúk;el; ep;‹;m;i$r p;e] a-;k; zibet. a;/uink g,teN]r jnÎ&Uimà m;nuWekiNdÓk (anthropocentric) gÓIk s&*t;Y ey b*i¼²Â;teN]*r AE pÓ;cIn pÓm;, imleb t;et a;XcyR h\Y;r ikzu enE. br' &;bet ab;k l;eg ik&;eb prbtIRk;elà h;j;rbzrb*;pI m/*yueg piXcmI %Oê;n s&*t;r jIbndxRnà mUl*eb;/à n;Ndink t;igd Et*;idet b*i¼²b;edr ek;n &Uimk;E a;r izl n;. Ak shsÓk jue‹ ixLpI izeln pÓc;ribmu%à ŠXberr Ak esbkm;]. es yueg a;tÎpÓitkOit et; dUerr kq;à ixLpIr Â;=err pÓx«\ sÅbt" icNt;tIt izlà ekn n; ey%;en zibà &;¦yR b; Sh;pet*r Akm;] &Uimk; %Oê/emRr mihm; pÓc;rà es%;en ixLpIr pÓit&;r Ehj;gitk ÂIkOit œÊet*r pircY z;‹; ikzu nY. t;rpr a;b;r nbj;gre,r smY egÓek;úer;m;n ibXbdxRenr punmURl*;Yenr me/* ideY m;q;c;‹; edY m;nuWb;dI (humanist) icNt;à ixLpImnek t-;r ibexW p;rdxIRt; sMpekR y; /Ier /Ier a;tÎsectn ker et;el. a;r AE men;&;bE nbj;gre,r epÓ=;pe$ jnÎ edY a;tÎpÓitkOit n;em ixeLpr ntun Ak /;r;r. A /re,r k;ej ibWYbStu iheseb ixLpIr inejr abYb heY \e# t-;r menr a;Yn;. k%en;\ t; ixLpIr Ak;Nt b*i¼²gtà eg;pn ek;n\ jgetr a;&;W edYà k%en;\ b; tuel /er sm;j \ jIbn sMpekR t-;r icNtnek. gt zY xt;ÝI jue‹ piXcem wtir itne$ dOê;eNtr wbice]r me/* ideY Ak$u eb;Z;r ecê; kr; y;k AE gUŒ ibWeYr keYk$; idkek.
zibr cir] ŠW_ b-;idek ifer q;kel\ t-;r dOiê reYez s;menr idekà sÅbt ey a;Yn;r s;h;ey* a;Ek inejek A-ekezn t;rE idek. aN/k;r epÓ=;pe$r se^ pÓ;Y imex egez m;nuW$;r j;m;à ikNtu m;q;r aitk;Y l;l p;gi‹ pe$r ¤perr idek wtir kerez ± AkE enpeq*r se^ Ak njr k;‹;r mt wbWm*. n;n;idek p-*;cm;r; p;gi‹r as'%* &-;j\ suiShtà lÁ a;b=mUitRr se^ Amn Ak wbprIet*r sOiê kerez ey dxRekr dOiê cire]r mue%r idek y;ebEà ec;%;ec;i% hebE t-;r se^. i$kel; n;k\Y;l; lÁ;e$ mue%r \pr Aes p‹; etl r'úAr as'%* a;/;ÂCz z;eYr (tone) Ster wtir Ak nrm a;el; dxRkek a;r\ ekotuhlI ker et;el. t; Amn ibic] ebexà tI=« dOiêet t;ikeY ixLpIr AE pÓitmUitR kI blet c;Y dxRkek? es yueg ¤¼er r$;r@;m eqek di=e, A*;N$\Y;pR pyRNt bi/R‚u end;rl*;çesr xhr‡el;et izl b;i,ej*r rmrm;. ¤¼r s;gr /er b*bs; clt pOiqbIr n;n; edexr se^à E¤er;epr an*;n* edx y;edr n;mE ex;enin t%en;\. y%n Et;ilr ixLpIr; Sh;pet*r ed\Y;el a-;kezn ibx;l ibx;l efÓe¦;à t%n ¤¼er ez;$m;epr zibr cl h\Y;r Ak$; k;r, ibedxI bi,ekr k;ez ibi½r suib/;. etl r'úA a-;k;r jn* es sb zibr Sh;YItB\ izl ebix. ixLpIedr í$ui@\r s;menr idek q;kt zib ibi½r ed;k;n (parlour), ey%;en %eârr; b;Yn; idt zibr. ed;k;enr s;menr ex;úekes s;j;en; q;kt ixLpIr k;ejr n;n; nmun;. a;Eekr AE a;tÎpÓitkOit %ub sÅbt" izl ArkmE Ak ib+;pn. zibr cire]r tI=« dOiê \ etl r'úAr e%l; et; a;ezEà hbu %eâerr dOiê a;kWR, kret a;Ek pÓeY;g kerezn a;r\ due$; ekoxl. Akà t-;r ¤‚IW em;e$E Sh;nIY ep;W;k nYà pÓitkOitek dxRnIY ker tuletE l;l re°r a;jb AE bStur b*bh;r. duEà epx;d;rI a;Eekr a;tÎibXb;esr %br hbu %eârek j;n;en;r jn* reYez b;h;rI efÓem e%;d;E kr; t-;r bY;n. Ab' eyehtu AE nmun; a;tÎpÓitkOità a;kOê ek;n\ e½t; ed;k;en !ukelE zibr se^ a;Eekr mue%r iml ed%et eptà a;r ixLpIr d=t;r Aidk$; pÓm;, heY eyt h;etn;et. sb imileYà Y*;n &*;n a;Eekr AE zib wbWiYk buiÊ \ ntun yuegr ntun a;tÎectn;r smNbeYr Ak ±ith;isk dOê;Nt.
n;rIixLpIedr AE pÓ;iNtkt;r yueg ixLpkl;Y a;tÎpÓt*eYr d;ibE ey i&ijúlbÓ²enr k;ez j•rI ibWY heY d-;‹;eb t; Â;&;ibk. t;E AE zibet itin dOx*t Y*;n &*;n a;Eekr eqek aenk si½Y. p*;el$ \ tuil h;et Ak$; b‹ k*;n&;es kmRrt; –psI ixLpI eyn h#;_E dxRekr idek ØaqR;_ a;Yn;r idekÙ ifer eceYezn. b;StbsmÎt&;eb ed%elà itin inej a;Yn;Y y; ede%ezn dxRk\ zibet t;úE ed%ebnà aqR;_ AE zibr me/*r ey zib$; itin a-;kezn es$; t-;r a;tÎpÓitkOit h\Y;rE kq;. aqc esE a;bz; asMpU,R zib ikNtu ixLpIr `inë; b;N/bI fr;is r;in m;rI a-;et;Y;enetr pÓitkOit. A ehn ekoxl pÓm;, ker b;Stbek nkl kr;r p;x;p;ix A%;en i&ijúlbÓ²n t;ek p;x k;i$eY eyet\ iá/; kernin. aenk$; a;Eekr mtE ¤‚IW \ gl;r ifÓelr b;h;r t-;r a;el;ikt suxÓI mue%r idek dOiê a;kWR, kerà ikNtu A%;en es a;el;r pÓitfln\ ed%; y;Y t-;r kmRrt duE h;età a;r t;r &;rs;m* r;e% @;nidekr ek;,;Y mSt l;l ek;mrbeN/r pÓ;Nt. Ae=e] ¤eö%* ey t-;r prenr AE d;mI ep;W;k a;edo zib a-;k;r k;ejr ¤pyu¼² nY. aqR;_ Ae=e]\ njer a;es b;Stb a;r ab;Stebr Ak sh;bSh;n. sh;bSh;nE eh;k b; áNáà b;Stb Øek;n\ ikzur ¤piShitÙ a;r ab;Stebr ØanupiShit/kLpn;Ù AE pÓtkR (discourse) p;Xc;¼* ixLpkl;Y bŸ pirict. z;Y; AkE se^ ek;n\ bStur ¤piShitr a;&;W edYà a;b;r t;r anupiShitek\ b*¼² ker. gÓIk ik'bdiNt anuy;YI zib a-;k;r º• heyizl m;nueWr z;Y;r pÓ;eNt d;g; buileY t;ek ŸbŸ nkl ker. t;E iám;i]k pe$ z;Y; aenke=e]E heY \e# b;Stb \ kLpn;r pÓtekRr Ak n*;y* –pk. AE zibr aNder dOx*m;n k*;n&;esr ¤pr ixLpIr xrIr \ @;nh;etr Spê z;Y; AE –pk sMpekR i&ijúlbÓ²enr sectnt;ekE ej;r;el;&;eb tuel /er. mihl; h\Y;r d•, a;Eekr mt rhs*mY b*i¼²etBr pÓdxRn i&ijúlbÓ²enr ep;W;Yin. bdel itin h;ismue% Â;gt j;n;n dxRkek. a;r º/u b‹ m;epr zib a-;k;Y b; n;n;&;eb b;Stb \ kpn;r s^m `$;en;etE t-;r d=t;r pircY edn n;à inejr ai&j;t ep;W;k \ fr;is r;inr pÓitkOit inmR;e,r m;/*em A\ blet c;n ey itin sm;ejr ¤prtl;Y ibcr, kernà wxiLpk \ s;m;ijk duidekE reYez t-;r a;tÎpÓt*Y. aqR;_ pu•Wx;ist sm;ej n;rIixLpIr pÓ;iNtkt;ek sreb c*;el¢ j;n;Y AE a;tÎpÓitkOit.
dxRk $;n;r jn* isenm;helr b;Eer k;ihnIr ibi&µ n;$kIY muhUetRr ey s;d;k;el; iShric] $;i°eY r;%;r rIit izlà exrm*;n esE prMpr;r nkel wtir kerezn AE isirj. A%;en itin inejE inejr me@là sbk$; fe$;et itinE Újwnk; ai&en]IÛ. pÓqm zibet e@Óis' e$ibl \ ibz;n;r m;eZ d-;i‹eY k;el;à %;e$; ep;W;ekr Ak rhs*mYI seNdhjnk&;eb t;ikeY a;ezn b-;idk e`-eW efÓemr b;Eer. ipzenr a;Yn;Y dOx*m;n t-;r ip# Ab' Ak$; e$ibl \ ecY;err a'x. e$ibelr \per reYez Ak egl;s mdà ecY;err k;n;Y eZ;l;en; Ak$; j*;ek$. ipzenr e@Óis' e$ibelr \per AE mihl;rE efÓem b-/;en; Ak$; zib. A kI /re,r muhUtR? kI `e$ez b; `$et celez? `er ik a;r ek¤ a;ezà y;r sMpekR mihl; siNdh;n? iátIY zibr n;rI l;s*mYI epÓimk; nnà a;el;z;Y;Y em;‹; in¤ EYekRr a;k;xcuÁI b;i‹r epÓ=;pe$ Ein Ak ash;Yà idx;h;r; cir]. hYt ek;n\ aifesr kmIR. pu•Webiêt kmRjget n;n; wbWem*r ixk;r AE mihl;\ @;nidek ed%ezn ibWµ&;eb. puer; isirejr pÓet*k$; dOex*E reYez Arkm Ak ab*¼² k;ihnI.
t;hel AE fe$;r isirjek exrm*;enr a;tÎpÓitkOit bl; cel ik? hYt n;à ekn n; isiç exrm*;nà i&ijúlbÓun b; Y*;n &*;n a;Eekr mt inejr kl;pÓit&;r d;ib j;n;et a;gÓhI nn et; be$Eà Amn ik bl; y;Y ey A%;en t-;r a;tÎpircy lIn heY y;Y ikzu k;Lpink n;rIcire]r a;‹;el. a;b;r ¤eL$;idek A\ bl; cel ey 1978úAr a;emirk;Y n;rIr s;m;ijk abSh;n 1790úAr fÓ;eNsr eceY aenk ebix ji$l. t;E i&ijúlbÓuenr zibr ekoxl Ae=e] aekej;. br' p-c;¼r$; k;Lpink cire] Úai&nYÛ kr;r fel exrm*;enr a;tÎpirceYr ey ibinmR;, (Deconstruction) `e$à t; ¤¼rúa;/uink yuegr Ak n;rIixLpIek a;etÎ;pli™r pq ed%;Y. a;r esidk eqek ed%elà AE k;Lpink n;rIedr me/*E %içt heY zi‹eY izi$eY q;ek isiç exrm*;enr a;tÎpÓitkOit. a;sel A pÓex«r ek;n\ Akmu%I ¤¼r enE. ؽmx"Ù . . . . . |
E¤er;epr nbj;gre,r pÓse^
Et;ilsh &um/*s;grIY a÷l Údi=,Û Ab' end;rl*;çsà a;/uink j;mR;inà
\ fÓ;eNsr Ak;'x Ú¤¼rÛ n;em pirict. n;n; k;re, AE ¤¼r \ di=e,r
ixLpkl;Y p;\Y; y;Y Spê ikzu tf;_. A%;en es ibWeY ibSt;irt a;el;cn;r
suey;g n; q;kel\ A$; men r;%; pÓeY;jn ey a;tÎpÓitkOit \ etl r'úAr
m;/*mà AE duEeYrE ¤_pi¼ ¤¼er. nbj;gre,r smY end;rl*;çesr Øa;/uink
hl*;e¹rÙ di=,;÷l f®*;ç;sR Øy;r aenk$;E A%nk;r eblijY;mÙ izl fÓ;eNsr
b;gR;iç Al;k;r &uÂ;mIedr x;sn;/In. nbj;gre,r pÓqm pyR;eYà 1433
s;el esE f®*;ç;esRr ixLpI Y*;n &*;n a;Eekr Øa; 1390ú1441Ù a-;k;
Úl;l p;gi‹pr; b*i¼²Û (Man in a
Red Turban [Self-Portrait?]) n;em
ez;| Ak$; etlr'úAr zib ey ixLpIr a;tÎpÓitkOit es b*;p;er a;j
±ith;iskr; em;$;mui$ iniXct. Ab' AE sub;ed ixLpkl;r Eith;es AE zibE
pÓqm ÂIkOt a;tÎpÓitkOit ØAmn ik aenk ibexW+ A\ d;ib kerezn ey a;Ek
etl r' m;/*emr\ a;ib:k;rkà yid\ t; ineY ikzu ibtkR a;ezÙ. zibr efÓem
ef®mIY &;W;Y ixLpIr n;m \ t;ire%r se^ e%;d;E kr; heYez aits'i=Ë
Ak ibbOit" ''Als ich chan'',
y;r E'r;ij anub;d krel d;‹;Yà
''the best I can
do''. 
1790 s;el fÓ;eNsr Ails;ebq
i&ijúlbÓ²enr Ø1755ú1842Ù a;tÎpÓitkOit etl r'úA a-;k;à Ab' a;Eekr
zibr mt Ar\ mUl ¤eâx* ixLpIr pÓit&; \ a;tÎpÓt*eYr pÓc;r. ikNtu A
zib ibx;là a;r Ae=e] ixLpI Ak mihl;. p;rIr ixLp ak;edmIr jnÎ 1648
s;elà r;j; ctudRx luEeYr a;mel. aqc prbtIR a;‹;Eex; bzer es%;en
ek;n\ mihl;r p;# en\Y;r ai/k;r izl n;. n;n; a;j‡ib ajuh;et esk;elr
pu•Wt;iN]k sm;j emeYedr ak;edmI \ esE sUe] ixLpkl;r epx; eqek dUer
ere%izl. t%n kl;jget b;Eebl b; egÓek;úer;m;n ik'bdiNt ineY kr;
aitk;Y zibrE izl sbR;i/k EÕtà y; A-ek pu•Wr; b;hb; kue‹;etn. aqc t;
a-;ket egel nig«k; (nude)
eqek ey p;# en\Y;r pÓeY;jn htà
sm;j emeYedr es anuxIlenr ai/k;r edYin. t;E i&ijúlbÓ²enr mt ey
sb muiêemY mihl;r; ix=; epetn
t-;edr ixLpI b;b;edr k;z eqekà
t-;edr ai/k;'xE pÓitkOità insgR b; iShrbStuic] a-;k;Y h;t p;k;etn.
eW;‹x luEeYr r;jmhelE º/u nYà s;r; E¤er;epr ai&j;t sm;ej
pÓitkOit A-ek i&ijúlbÓ²n yeqêE n;m kerizelnà an*;n* mihl;edr
tuln;Y ¤pe&;g kerizeln pÓ&Ut b*i¼²gt \ aqRwnitk Â;/Int;.
ai&j;tedr se^ \#eb;s ÂetB\ fr;is ibPlebr smY ixLpI iheseb AE
%*;it \ ¤piSht buiÊE t-;r m;q; b-;iceYizl igel;i$n eqek. ikNtu tbu\à
t-;r pÓjenÎr pu•WixLpIedr pÓit&;r kdr izl tuln;Y aenk
ebix.
yid pÓqm due$; dOê;Nt hY
a;tÎpÓt*eYr dillà t;hel p-c;¼r$; fe$;r Ak dI`R isirj eqek en\Y; perr
a;el;c* zibdue$; kt‡el; k;Lpink cire]r m;/*em a;etÎ;pli™r Ak smk;lIn
pÓY;s. s¼r dxekr exeWr idek m;ikRn ixLpI isiç exrm*;enr Ø1954úÙ kr;
AE isirejr n;m Untitled Film
Stills. A%;en exrm*;enr ¤eâx*
atIetr hil¤e@r isenm;r zekb-;/; (stereotypical) ikzu k;Lpink n;rIcir]ek SÎr, kr;. ciöx b;
p÷;exr dxekr inm«exÓ,Ir m;ikRn isenm;Y b*i¼²Â;/Int;hInà Ak;Nt kmnIY
AEsb n;iYk;edr mu%* &Uimk;
izl pu•eWr Øn;Yk \ dxRk duEeYrEÙ
ic¼iben;dn. k;ihnIet ash;Y n;rIek s'k$ eqek ¤Ê;r krt n;Ykà ibinmeY
es ept n;iYk;r epÓm \ bx*t;. fel Ak$; eg;$; pÓjenÎr pu•Wx;ist
jnm;nes pu•eWr \pr puer;puir in&RxIl Ab' t;r eyonb;sn;r e%ln;
AEsb cir] m;ikRn n;rIr a;dxR pÓtIk heY ¤e#izl. 
fr;is t;i¼Bk j- bidÓY;err
b*;%*;Yà ism;l;½;m (simulacrum)
hl Ak j;etr nkl y;r ek;n\ a;sl
enE. Ar mUel enE ek;n\ a;idakOi]m b;Stbà br' b;StbE Aek nkl ker cel
aibrt. exrm*;enr fe$; AE /re,r a;slhIn nkl. pÓet*k dOex*r ep;W;k
eqek pirebx smSt %-ui$n;i$E exrm*;enr mng‹;à ek;n\ inidRê isenm;r
anukre, nY. sutr;' esE aeqR AE zib‡el; sbE Ú&ueY;Û. aqc m;ikRn
jn s'¦Oitet (mass culture)
Arkm xSt; n;$kIY dOx* AtE pirict
ey atIetr isenm;r se^ Ar ey;gsU] buZet k;er; asuib/; hY n;.
i&ijúlbÓuenr zibr mt A%;en\ reYez b;Stb \ ab;Stebr me/* Ak
s'l;pà teb A%;en es s'l;p aenk ebix ji$l \ ej;r;el;. Akidek eymn
exrm*;n b*bh;r kerezn h;et a-;k; zibr j;Yg;Y fe$;gÓ;fI n;em b;Stebr
tkm; a-;$; Ak y;iN]k m;/*mà an*idek etmin t-;r cire]r; puer;puir
k;Lpink. i&ijúlbÓun b; a;Eekr zibet ixLpI inejE mUl ibWYà ikNtu
exrm*;enr zibr mUel ek;n\ inidRê n;rIek p;\Y; y;eb n;à n; exrm*;n
inejà n; atIetr ek;n\ |
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