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pqkqn ú 5 bŸbe,Rr z$;Y ¤ã;ist ture¦r Eith;s. sipRl ndIr b;-ekr met; A-ek eb-ek zue$ cl; AE ri°n Eith;esr jn* yIº %[Ieêr jeNmr s;e‹ s;t h;j;r bzr a;eg. es smY &Uúm/* s;gerr tIer ey m;nb s&*t;r ibk;x `e$izel; k;elr %res[;t; ndIet &;set &;set a;j t; b;s; eb-e/ez AixY; Ab' E¤er;p jue‹ abiSht a;/uink $;ikR sh a;exp;exr a;er keYki$ edex.
&Uúm/* s;gerr tIer ge‹ \#; s&*t; =mt;r em;eh ait
aLp smeYr me/*E s'gi#t hY ez;$ ez;$ dl b; eg;e]. Aidek p;rs* sm[;$g, %O" pU" 550ú530 aeÝr me/* a;n;tilY; pyRNt t;edr r;j* ibSt;r krel\ t; ebxI idn /er r;%et p;ernin. g[Iesr sbRk;elr mh;n;Yk a;el„;ç;err a;ib&R;b bdel edY &Uúm/*s;grIY s&*t;r m;nic]. itin %O" pU" 330 aeÝr idek puer; m/*p[;c* jY ker g[Ik s;m[;j*ek sudur &;rt pyRNt ibStOt kern. a;el„;ç;err mOtU*r pr t;r ¤¼rsurIr; gOhyueÊ ji‹eY pe‹ Ab' ½mx ez;$ het q;ek mh;bIr a;el„;ç;err ik'@m. %O" pU" 279 s;el a;¦;r;Y ekNd[IY r;j/;nI Sh;penr pr ikzu$; iShitxIlt; ifer a;es.
yIº%OIeêr jeNÎr prprE er;m;n s;m[;ej*r ¤ø;n º• hYà
prb¼IR itnx bzr /er A a÷el s;m[;j* ibSt;err p;x;p;ix muh;Mmd Øs"Ù Ar nbuYt p[;iPtr W;$ bzr Ab' mK; eqek ihjretr m;] p÷;x bzr perr Ø669ú678Ù smYk;elE Esl;emr dI=;p[;Pt wsn*b;ihnI kní$;iN$en;pelr ki#n p[;cIr &;°et º• ker Ab' A%;n eqek º• ker smg[ a;rbà p;rs*à s;m[;j* Ab' imxr pyRNt ibStOt AE suibx;l a÷elr º/u &uimE jY kerinà jY kerez m;nueWr &;lb;s; Ab' ibtr, kerez Esl;emr a;el;. Esl;emr ap[iter;/* ag[y;];Y ek-ep \e# suibx;l b;EejN$;En s;m[;j*. Ak;dx xt;ÝIet esljukr; b;EejN$;Enedr pr;ijt ker btRm;n tur¦à Er;nà Ab' Er;k x;sn ker. me^;lIYn y;y;bredr s;eq p[;YxE esljukedr yuÊ ibg[h eleg q;kel\ mh;pr;½mx;lI ae$;m;n s;m[;j* =mt; d%elr a;eg pyRNt \r;E =mt;Y izel;. ]eY;dx xt;ÝIet ae$;m;nr; me^;ledrek A a÷l eqek icrter ibt;i‹t ker. ae$;m;n sult;n emhemt 1453 s;el kní$;iN$en;pl d%l kern a;r sult;n id m*;ginifexN$ kní$;iN$en;pelr esoNdyR b/Ren b*Y kern sb;Ri/k aqRà x[m \ em/;. sult;n suelEm;n ej•j;elmek e!el s;j;n Ab' ae$;m;nek ibStOt kern i&eYn; et;r, abi/. t;r ¤¼rsUrIedr keYk p[jNÎ AE ibx;l s;m[;j*ek a$u$ r;%et p;rel\ ¤nib'x xt;ÝIet Aes e&ter e&ter fuex \#; ez;$ ez;# eg;] \ j;it‡el;r me/* ibbdm;n s'`;t \ ibeáW Ab' sult;n x;senr ib•eÊ aseNt;W tIb[ a;k;er m;q;c;‹; ideY \e#. AEsb j;it‡el; k%en; k%en; inejr;E a;b;r k%en; E¤er;pIY;n xi¼²r s;h;y* ineY sult;n x;senr ib•eÊ ibed[;h ker besez. 1832 s;elr it¼² yueÊr pr gi#t hY g[Ik r;ê[ Ab' Ar ab*biht perE s;ibRY;à bulegirY;à er;m;inY;à a;lebinY; àa;reminY; Ab' a;rb r;j* smuh Â;/Int;r d;bI et;el. piXcm E¤er;pIY;n xi¼²‡il A smY xkuenr met; %ubel %ubel ae$;m;n s;m[;j*ek %çúib%ç kret mirY; heY ¤e#izel;. yid\ m;eZ m;eZE a;&*NtrIn smeZ;t;r sM&;bn; ¤-ik ideYizel; ikNtu p[qm ibXbyueÊ j;mR;nIek smqRn kr; ture¦r jn* k;l heY d;-‹;Y. yueÊr per ibjYI ej;$ ibx;l s;m[;ej*r buek tuel edY as'%* ib&i¼²r edY;l.
p[qm ibXbyueÊ pr;ijt htibhÃl Ab' ht;x j;itek a;el;r idx;
ed%;et pu,j;Rgre,r mx;l h;et /Ier /Ier edexr ];,ktR; ihs;eb
a;ib&uRt hn ae$;m;n ejn;erl muStf; k;m;l. A smY suey;g
bueZ iSmr,; a;½mn ker tuikRedr a;t;tuekRr ¤¼rsurI Esemt Een;nu iátIY ibXbyueÊ ait suekoxel Aki$ inrep= Eemj bj;Y r;%el\ yueÊ;¼r inbR;cen jYI het p;ernin. iber/Idl e@em;e½i$k p;i$R 1950à 1960 Ab' 1970 Ar inb;Rcen prpr itnb;rE jYI hY. prbitRet Aki$ s;mirk a&*uŸ;;enr m/* ideY e@em;e½i$k p;i$R =mt;c*ut hY. 1980 s;el a;b;r\ ture¦r g,tN] kli›t hY kmu*inê Ab' k|r musilm ent;edr crm iá/;ib&i¼²r k;re,. m;s;i/k;l smY b*Y ker\ A smeY ture¦r p;lR;emN$ Akjn ep[ise@N$ inbR;cn kret p;erin. sutr;' a;b;r\ a;imRà abx* Ab;r a;imR a;es ed;dul*m;n abSh; eqek ¤Ê;r kret yid\ m;nb;i/k;r liˆ`t heYez crm&;eb. tOtIY ibeXbr bŸedex Ab' musilm ibeXb aº& r;jtN] Ab' wÂrtN] p[;YxE inrIh jngenr buekr \pr jgâl p;qerr met; ecep bes =mt;r zi‹ e`;r;Y. ture¦r jngnek iá/;ib&¼² r;jwnitk Shibrt; eqek ¤Ê;r kr;r jn* ];,kt;R ihs;eb a;ib&uRt h\Y; s;mirk srk;r p[/;n ejn;erl ekn;n A&ern aLp ikzuidenr me/*E esn;p[/;enr pd eqek EStf; ideY ture¦r r;ê[pit ihs;eb a;ib&uRt hn yid\ itin 1983 s;elr inb;Rcen ¤j;elr esN$;r r;E$ p;i$Rr k;ez eher y;n. ¤j;l =mt;Y a;s;r pr eqek 1993 s;el t;r ak;lmOt*u abi/ a;Ntj;Ritk b;i,j* p[s;err m/* ideY ture¦r aqRenitk smOiÊek yeqë tÃr;iNbt kern.
¤j;elr mOtu*r pr $;ikR punr;Y ainxcYt;r me/* pe‹ y;Y. nóEeYr
dxekr b;kI smY$;et @;núb;emr men;m;iln*pU,R ek;Y;ilxn jNm
edY tIb[ aiShrt;. a;$;nóEeYr º•r idek s;'b;idk a;d;lt
Esl;imk aireYeN$@ \eYlefY;r p;i$R Ab' s;ebk E¤er;pIY E¤inYenr sds* h\Y;r idb;ÂePn ibe&;r A%n $;ikR. a;r Ajn* injs* kOiêà s'¦Oità ±ith* a;er; Akb;r ibsjRn idet\ kuiþt nY ture¦r r;jwnitk entOtÃ. ikNtu m;nueWr hÌdeYr %ub g&Ier ep[;iqt ey ±iteh*r exk‹ t; ik E E¤Ûr Zkmek eb®@ ideY eke$ efl; AtE shj ? a;m;edr eke$ eflet hebà ESt;Mbuelr s;eq a;m;edr b;ih*k bN/n k;$b;r abexeW smY Aesez. TK1433 Ar y;]Iedr isik¤iri$ eck eser enb;r @;k Aes egez. ez;| Aki$ h;\Y;E j;h;j TK1433, d;-i‹eY a;ez mh;bIr a;el„;ç;err edx emise@;inY;Y y;b;r jn*. Aki$ izpizep b-;exr mt lMb; t•, h#;_ Ú¦upu_Û bletE Ÿ‹mu‹ ker Akdl el;k ege$r idek AigeY egel;. Ú¦upu_Û m;en ey e¦ipeY A$; buZet a;m;edr ebx smY eleg egel;. Aminet a;m;edr ¤Cc;re, hY e¦;pej (SKOPJE)à buZl;m AE a÷elr el;ekr; Júek Y ¤Cc;r, ker q;ek ikNtu e¦ipeY ik&;eb ¦upu_ hel; A$;r ek;n g[;m;r %u-ej epl;m n;. abx* ibà E¤à i$ (BUT) b;$ helà ipà E¤à i$ (PUT) p;$ heb n; eken; ? ik'b; ey e%el es yid e%el;Y;‹ hYà t;hel ey j;en es eken; j;en;Y;r heb n;à A j;tIY b*;kr, ibtekR y;b;r ek;en; rkm a;g[h a;m;r enE. eb;i@RR' p;ex sIl emer pq ed%;el; ki÷ b-;exr emeY shkmIRi$. \ek abx* ki÷ blel\ ebxI bl; hY. l;l p*;N$ s;$R pr; AE emeYi$ Aet;$;E ºken;à a;im yid ej;er Ak$; fu- idE \r \e‹ y;b;r ej;r sM&;bn; reYez. aenk$; a;m;edr el;k;l f®;Ee$ c‹;r met;E eh-e$ eh-e$ AY;rep;e$Rr g[;¤ç m;i‹eY h;\Y;E j;h;ej ce‹ bsl;m. tuikRx AY;r ½uedr etmn Ak$; pzNd hel; n;à \edr cln blen ekmn Ak$; pu•W;lI &;b. f®;$ S½In i$i&r met; bukà ek;n b;-k enEà git enEà rhs*hIn xrIr. teb \edr pirebixt %;b;r cm_k;rà e%l;m eg;g[;es. `N$; dueYk p;h;‹úpbRt s;grúwsktr \pr ideY ¤‹et ¤‹et e¦ipeYr a;k;ex ¤idt hel; tuikRx y;]Ib;hI ibm;ni$. inec t;ikeY buekr r¼² ihm heY egel;. Aúik. Aúey smr sÕ;. e¦ipeY ibm;n bNder Ak$;\ y;]Ib;hI ibm;n enE. E¤ As a;imRr dui$ ibx;l !;¤s s;Eejr ep$em;$; j;eMb;ej$ ibm;n d;-i‹eY a;ezà p;exE ibx;l j;Yg; jue‹ a;imR k*;Mp. ibm;n eqek enem Eimeg[xn k;¤N$;err s;men l;Een d;-‹;l;mà du• du• kiMpt b=. ESt;Mbuelr ai&+t; a;m;edr aNtt a;m;r a;tÎibXb;s kimeY ideYez. &Y p;b;r ebx yui¼²s^t k;r,\ reYezà a;m;edr p;sep;e$R emise@;inY;r ek;n i&s; enEà an Ar;E&;l i&s; edb;r kq;. b;'l;edex eyehtu emise@;inY;r ek;n a*;mebis b; i&s; aifs enE sutr;' edx eqek i&s; ineY a;s;r ek;n p[XnE \e# n;. kiMpt hSt inXcYE Eimeg[xn aifs;err smIh a;d;Y kret p;reb n;à yq;sM&b dOŒt; bj;Y ere% p;sep;$Ri$ b;i‹eY idl;mà AN$[;Ns sIl emer efrt ideY idel;. m*;ijkà ikzu=e,r me/*E buZl;mà Ak$; m*;ijk ilê \edr h;et /ireY ideYez ¤nimk ØE¤ An a*;@imineê[i$& imxn En kes;&;Ùà esE ileê el%; a;ez a;m;r n;mi$\.
at*Nt dird[ eg;ezr Aki$ AY;rep;$R, legj ineY b;Eer Al;mà
e%;l; a;k;exr nIec ecY;rúe$ibl epet Ú¤nimkÛ el%; a;k;xI 8 nMbr b;es l;egj tuel ideY Aidkúesidk ekotuhlI dOiêet t;k;et l;gl;m. c;rp;ex ekbl a;imRr a;n;eg;n;. s;-E s;-E ker /ul; ¤i‹eY a;imR jIp‡el; @;n eqek b;-eYà b;- eqek @;en zue$ y;eCz. %;ink$; duer dOiê zu-e‹ edi% fselr m;e# ntj;nu p;h;‹à ibStI,R f-;k; a÷là b;‹I `err ek;n ich² pyRNt enE. Amn smY %ub pirict Aki$ xÝ k;en a;setE ¤_k,R hl;m. a;XcyR Aúey `u`u @;kez. h-*; abx*E `u`u. ktidn pr ey `u`ur @;k ºnl;mà t; \ ket; s;gr wsktà p;h;‹úm• epireY di=, pUbR E¤er;epr Ak dird[ ibm;n bNder Aes. a;ebegr res is¼² hel; mnà enec ¤#el; a;neNdr lhrI tuel. tNmY heY `u`ur @;k ºnet ºnet &;biz à&Uúeg;l bdelr s;eq s;eq m;nueWr g;eYr r° bdel egel\ bdl;Yin p;i%r kþà a;m;edr ait ip[Y `u`ur @;ki$ A%;en\ apirbtRnIY re¼²r l;l re°r met;E suerl;. eb;%;rI b*St heY ¤#el; b;'l;edex e$ilef;n kr;r jn*. AkE abSh; a;m;edr sb;rEà mui¼²ek kq; ideYizl;m ESt;Mbul eqek ef;n kreb; ikNtu ESt;Mbuel es suey;g emelin. d;-i‹eY q;k; 8 nMbr b;esr p;ex Z;¤tl;Y Ael;emel; ebe‹ \#; g;Œ sbuj `;esr \pr besizl;m a;mr; sb;E a;r ºnizl;m `u`ur k•, a;itR eyn \ blet c;Eez aº& yuÊ a;m;edr sb exW ker ideYez. `u`ur ib¤gl a;itRek p;x k;i$eY Aeg;l;m AY;rep;$R s'lGn htdird[ Aki$ep;ê aifesr idek. eb;%;rI zYi$ E¤ As imxn kr;r ai&+t; eqek blez \%;en e$ilef;n kr;r b*bSh; inXcYE a;ez. &Uúeg;l bdelr s;eq s;eq ey ai&+t;r /;r\ kem y;Y a;/`N$; /er e$ilef;n kr;r p[ecê; b*qR h\Y;Y es kq;E p[m;, hel;. a;b;r ifer Al;m Z;¤tl;Y. sN/*; heY a;sezà emise@;inY;r p[kOit Aki$ injRn p;h;e‹r !;el Ak;kI d;-i‹eY g;eYr j;m;$; %uel /Ier sueSh per ineCz r;etr ep;x;k. i#k esE muhuetRE lklek l;¤eYr @g;r met b;‹Nt xrIerr Ak suNdrI t•,I a;m;r p;ex Z;¤tl;Y bes p‹el;. ije+s kretE n;m j;n;el; ÚirmÛà irmiZm ker ebej ¤#el; \r suerl; kþ. aLp=e,E iremr s;eq s%*t; heY egel;. ¤Czl AE EijpixY;n emeYi$\ a;m;edr met; E¤Ani& As;EnemN$ ineY Aesez yueÊ;¼r kes;&;et k;j kr;r jn*. /Ier /Ier pOiqbIr ibi&µ edexr E¤Ani&úr; Aes je‹; heCz A%;en. sb imileY A muhuetR p[;Y W;$jenr met;à p;ikSh;nI Ab' enp;lIedr s'%*;E ebxI. a;m;edr n;ekr @g;Y /ul; ¤i‹eY 7 nMbr b;si$ 30 jn E¤Ani&ek ineY cel egel;. ek;q;Y egel; j;in n;à º/u j;in ey ek;n smY a;m;edrek\ \%;enE eyet heb.
men men Aki$ ihesb ker efll;mà a;m;edr b;si$r nMbr a;$à
s;t nMbr AEm;] p[Sh;n krel;. yid\ a;r ek;n b;s AksmY esE º&=, Ael;. E¤Ani&r PASU, aqR;_ Program and Administrative Support Unit-Ar Ak ifiri^ yubk ¤e# p;-c imine$r Aki$ s'i=Pt b¼²Ot; krel;. y;r s;rmmR heCzà AE g;‹I s;e‹ itn `N$; @[;E& ker a;m;edrek emise@;inY;r suNdr pyR$n ekNd[ a%ir@ xherr ebl&u* eh;e$el ineY y;eb. |
Øk;jI
jih•l Esl;m Ak;/;er kibà el%kà s;'b;idk Ab' ¤µYn kmIR. 
Asb
dl b; eg;e]r me/* ihi$[$ s&*t;r ¤eö% a;ez sbeceY xi¼²x;lI
sMp[d;Y ihs;eb. ihi$[$r; Aki$ sUeyRr edbI Ab' Aki$ Ze‹r
edbt;r pUej; kret;. t;r; sUyRek n;rI Ab' Z‹ek pu•W men
kr;r epzen ey dxRni$ k;j kerez bel a;m;r men hY t; heCzà
sUeyRr m^lmY p[&; b; ikr, dur kerez xIt;tR m;nueWr kê
t;E sUyRek \r; –p;YIt kerez ek;mlt;r p[tIkà kl*;,mYI n;rI
ihs;eb a;r Z‹ m;nueWr a;b;sek kerez izµi&µà a;ib&RUt
heYez •d[er;eW t;E Z‹ek \r; ede%ez i=p[à tIb[à •=à
•d[ Ab' etjâIËt;r p[tIkà pu•W ihs;eb. \edr /mIRY
ibXb;s AE duE edbúedbIr pUej; kr;r me/*E sIimt izel;. m/*
t;m[ yueg Ø1900ú1600 %O" pU"Ù ihi$[$r; y%n
a;n;tilY;Y r;jtà kret; t%n iátIY rmess Ar a/InSt imxrek
pr;St ker isirY; d%l ker enY. %O" pU" 1250 s;el Úsmued[r
m;nuWÛ bel kiqt g[Ikr; h#;_ r;j* jeYr enx;Y m;q;c;‹; ideY
\e#. t%nE p[qm b;err met; ihi$[$r; pr;jeYr Â;d g[hn ker
g[Ik áIpb;sIedr k;ez. A smY g[Ikr; s;Ep[;s pyRNt \edr
r;j* ibSt;r ker.
blk;nà a;n;tilY; Ab' ¤¼r a;if{k; pundR%l ker ge‹ et;eln
ibx;l b;EejN$;En s;m[;j*. j;ií$inY;enr mOtu*r m;] p;-c bzr
perE 570 %Oê;eÝ mK;Y jNÎg[hn kern Esl;m /emRr
icrx]³
heY \e# g[Is Ab' ½mx g[Ikr; a;er; pUbRidek /;ibt het º•
ker. g[Iesr AE a;kiSmk a;½men tuikRr; %ubE ht;x Ab' i=Pt hY.
bIerr j;it bel Eith;es icih³t tuikRr; h;t p; ‡i$eY bes n;
eqek p;L$; a;½mn º• ker. A smeY ture¦ ed%; edY gOhyuÊ
muStf; k;m;l a;t;tuekRr entOetà g[Ikedr h$;en;r p;x;p;ix
sult;n x;sn;melr\ `e$ icr abs;n. 1920 eqek 1922 s;l abi/
Sh;YI A yuÊekE prbtRIk;el ture¦r Á;/Int; yuÊ ihs;eb
ibebcn; kr; hY.|
" pqkqenr an*;n* pbR "
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